Parnassius

Life

Insecta

Parnassiinae

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Parnassius Latreille, 1804: Parnassius Latreille, 1804; Nouv. Dict. Hist. nat. 24 (6): 185, 199, TS: Papilio apollo Linnaeus
Doritis Fabricius, 1807; Magazin f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6: 283, TS: Papilio apollo Linnaeus
Parnassis Hübner, [1819]; Verz. bek. Schmett. (6): 90 (or missp. or emend.?), TS: Papilio apollo Linnaeus
Therius Billberg, 1820; Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 75, TS: Papilio apollo Linnaeus
Tadumia Moore, [1902]; Lepidoptera Indica, 5 (53): 116, TS: Papilio acco Gray
Kailasius Moore, [1902]; Lepidoptera Indica, 5 (53): 118, TS: Parnassius charltonius Gray
Koramius Moore, [1902]; Lepidoptera Indica, 5 (53): 120, TS: Parnassius delphius Eversmann
Lingamius Bryk, 1935; Das Tierreich 65: 538-540, TS: Parnassius hardwickii Gray
Eukoramius Bryk, 1935; Das Tierreich 65: 630, 673-674, TS: Parnassius imperator Oberthür
Parnassius, Lepidoptera collection [SZMN]
Parnassius, NSG Voucher Specimen [Wahlberg]

Parnassius mnemosyne (Linnaeus, 1758)

Pyrenees, EU, Iran, Caucasus, C.Asia. See [About maps] Pikkuapollo Clouded Apollo Mnemosynefjäril Nunneapollo Schwarzer Apollo Le semi-apollon Blanca de Asso Niepylak mnemozyna
Papilio mnemosyne Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 465, TL: Finland
Parnassius mnemosyne, Larvae of North-European Lepidoptera [Kimmo Silvonen]
Parnassius mnemosyne, Svenska fjärilar [SVF]
Parnassius mnemosyne, Norges Sommerfugler [NORLEP]
Parnassius mnemosyne, Moths and Butterflies of Europe [MBE]
Parnassius mnemosyne, Extracts from [BRU] by [Ilya Osipov]
Parnassius mnemosyne, Europaische Schmetterlinge [Mario Maier]
Parnassius mnemosyne ; [BRU, 136]; [BOW: pl. 1, f. 7]; [MRS, 198]; [Otakar Kudrna]

500x326 (~30Kb) upperside Finland, A: Lemland, Flaka, 6/1995, Photo © Tero Piirainen	500x431 (~31Kb) upperside Finland, A: Lemland, Flaka, 6/1995, Photo © Tero Piirainen	600x732 (~49Kb) male female Somero 672:30, 22.06.1980, Photo © Pertti Pakkanen
750x488 (~36Kb) Somero 672:30, 22.06.1980, Photo © Pertti Pakkanen

Larva on Corydalis solida [SPRK]

Larva on Corydalis spp. [BRU]

P. m. weidingeri Bryk & Eisner, 1932

C.Europe

P. m. craspedontis Fruhstorfer, 1908

S.Europe Parnassius mnemosyne craspedontis Fruhstorfer, 1908; Ent. Zs. 22 (3): 12

P. m. ucrainicus Bryk & Eisner, 1932

W.Europe

P. m. leonhardiana Fruhstorfer, 1917

Parnassius mnemosyne leonhardiana Fruhstorfer, 1917; Archiv Naturgesch. (A) 82 (2): 25, f. 20, 21, TL: Bosnia and Herzegovina
Parnassius mnemosyne bosniacus Rothschild, 1918; Novit. zool. 25: 223, TL: Mahnjaca Mts., Bosnia, 1200m
leonhardiana ; Abadjiev, 2002, Neue Ent. Nachr. 23: 9
bosniacus ; Abadjiev, 2002, Neue Ent. Nachr. 23: 10

P. m. ugrjumovi Bryk, 1914

Middle Volga, Middle Urals

P. m. uralka Bryk, 1921

S.Urals

P. m. nubilosus Christoph, 1873

Caucasus, Transcaucasis

P. m. caucasia Verity, [1911]

Bulgaria? Parnassius mnemosyne dejotarus Fruhstorfer, 1917; Archiv Naturgesch. (A) 82 (2): 26, f. 16, 17, TL: [Bulgaria], "Tschamkorija" [Borovets]

= ; Abadjiev, 2002, Neue Ent. Nachr. 23: 10

Parnassius mnemosyne bulgarica Eisner, 1936; Parnassiana 4 (1-2): 9, TL: Pisanec am Lom, 300m, Bulgaria
dejotaurus ; Bryk, 1921, Ent. Tidskr. 42: 113, 115 (missp.)
dejoratus ; Kudrna, 1985, : 22, 48 (missp.)
dejotarus ; Abadjiev, 2002, Neue Ent. Nachr. 23: 9
bulgarica ; Abadjiev, 2002, Neue Ent. Nachr. 23: 13

P. m. balcanica Bryk & Eisner, 1930

Parnassius mnemosyne balcanica Bryk & Eisner, 1930; Parnassiana 1 (2): 3-4, TL: "Schar-Dagh, Kacanik, [Yugoslavia]
balcanica ; Abadjiev, 2002, Neue Ent. Nachr. 23: 11

P. m. talboti Bryk, 1932

Parnassius mnemosyne talboti Bryk, 1932; Parnassiana 2 (3): 33, TL: Zara (Dalmatien) [Croatia, Zadar]
talboti ; Abadjiev, 2002, Neue Ent. Nachr. 23: 12

P. m. parnassia Bryk, 1932

Parnassius mnemosyne parnassia Bryk, 1932; Parnassiana 2 (4/5): 46, TL: Parnass, Greece
parnassia ; Abadjiev, 2002, Neue Ent. Nachr. 23: 12

P. m. problematicus Bryk, 1912

Kopet-Dagh

P. m. orientalis Verity, 1911

N.Tian-Shan

700x480 (~94Kb) upperside Uzbekistan, Kuraminsky Mts, h=2400, 6.1996 Vashchenko S.N. leg, Photo © D. Smirnov

P. m. falsus Pagenstecher, 1911

N.Tian-Shan (Ketmen Mt. range)

P. m. nivalis Grose-Smith, 1908

Inner Tian-Shan

P. m. valentinae Sheljuzhko, 1943

W.Tian-Shan

P. m. giganteus Staudinger, 1886

Alai ?gigantea Staudinger, 1886

P. m. ochraceus Austaut, 1891

E.Ghissar

P. m. bucharanus Bryk, 1912

W.Ghissar

Parnassius glacialis Butler, 1866

E.China, Korea, Japan. See [About maps] Parnassius glacialis Butler, 1866; J. Linn. Soc. 9: 50
Parnassius glacialis ; [EBW]; [MRS, 199]

640x480 (~68Kb) larva Utsubo, Miyagava Vill., Gifu Pref., ex. ovo 2000, Photo © Hans Degler	640x480 (~113Kb) larva Utsubo, Miyagava Vill., Gifu Pref., ex. ovo 2000, Photo © Hans Degler	640x480 (~139Kb) pupa Utsubo, Miyagava Vill., Gifu Pref., ex. ovo 2000, Photo © Hans Degler
640x480 (~76Kb) pupa Utsubo, Miyagava Vill., Gifu Pref., ex. ovo 2000, Photo © Hans Degler	640x480 (~72Kb) upperside Utsubo, Miyagava Vill., Gifu Pref., ex. ovo 2000, Photo © Hans Degler	640x480 (~61Kb) underside Utsubo, Miyagava Vill., Gifu Pref., ex. ovo 2000, Photo © Hans Degler

Larva on Corydalis ambigua, C. incisa, C. decumbens, C. remota, Aristolochia debilis [MRS]

Parnassius stubbendorfi Ménétriés, 1849

Altai - C.Siberia, S.Siberia - Sakhalin, Kurile Islands, Mongolia - N.China - N.Korea, Amur, Japan. See [About maps] Parnassius stubbendorfi Ménétriés, 1849; Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersb. 6 (4): 273, pl. 6, f. 2, TL: [Erma River, Irkutsk Region, E. Sayan Mts]
?Parnassius hoenei Schweitzer, 1928; [BRU, 136], TL: (Japan)
Parnassius stubbendorfi ; [BRU, 136]
Parnassius stubbendorfii ; [MRS, 198]

Larva on Corydalis spp., Corydalis gigantea, C. ambigua [BRU]

P. s. stubbendorfi Ménétriés, 1849

Sayan, Transbaikalia, Yakutia

P. s. typicus Bryk, 1914

Altai Mts.

533x400 (~50Kb) upperside male A bushy meadow on the right bank floodland of the Koen Riverat at the mouth of the Volchikha Rivulet, just downstream of the village Nizhnii Koen, Iskitim District, Novosibirsk Province, West Siberia, Russia. 26th May 1997 (on Taraxacum officinale Wigg.), Photo © Oleg Kosterin

400x533 (~47Kb) underside male A meadow at the bird cherry (Padus avium Mill.) thickets on the Berd' River right bank at the village Legostaevo, Iskitim District, Novosibirsk Province, West Siberia, Russia. 13th June 1994, Photo © Oleg Kosterin

533x400 (~41Kb) larva Collected at: willow and bird cherry thickets on the bottom of the Bugotak Bugotak River valley between the villages Karpysak and the state farm Samarskiy, Toguchin District, Novosibirsk Province, West Siberia, Russia. 7th May 1994 (A third instar larva, photographed in captivity), Photo © Oleg Kosterin

P. s. standfussi Bryk, 1912

Lower Amur basin

P. s. bodemeyeri Bryk, 1914

Amur region, N.Ussuri

P. s. koreana Verity, 1907

S.Ussuri

P. s. doii Matsumura, 1928

Kuriles stubbendorfi doii Matsumura, 1928; [ P. hoenei Schweitzer, 1928]

P. s. esakii Nakahara, 1926

Sakhalin stubbendorfi esakii Nakahara, 1926; [ P. hoenei Schweitzer, 1928 ]

P. s. kosterini Kreuzberg & Pljushch, 1922

Magadan region

Parnassius nordmanni Ménétriés, [1850]

Caucasus - N.Turkey. See [About maps] Parnassius nordmanni Ménétriés, [1850]; Siemaschko, Russian Fauna (17): pl. 4, f. 5, TL: "Monti Adschara"
?Parnassius nordmanni Nordmann, 1851; Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou 24(2): 423
Parnassius nordmanni ; [BRU, 137]

Larva on Corydalis alpestris, C. conorhiza, C. emanuelii [BRU]

Parnassius eversmanni Ménétriés, [1850]

E.Russia - Mongolia, Japan, Alaska. See [About maps] Eversmann's Parnassian
Parnassius eversmanni Ménétriés, [1850]; Siemaschko, Russian Fauna (17): pl. 4, f. 5, TL: "Kansk" [=error?, E.Sayan Mts?]
Parnassius eversmanni Ménétriés, 1855; Cat. lep. Petersb. 1: 73
Parnassius eversmanni eversmanni, Lepidoptera collection [SZMN]
Parnassius eversmanni, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]
versmanni ; Bryk & Eisner, 1937, (missp.)
Parnassius eversmanni ; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. natn. Mus., 52: 2; [BRU, 137]; [MRS, 200]; [NACL, #4153]; [Opler]

636x490 (~42Kb) upperside male A flowery alpine meadow in a valley of the rivulet descending from the southerm principle slope of the Yuzhno-Chuiskii mountain range between the Chikty and Akbul Rivulets, 2700 m above sea level, the upper Dzhazator River basin, Kosh-Agach District, Altai Republic, West Siberia, Russia. 10th July 1998, Photo © Oleg Kosterin	543x300 (~33Kb) upperside female A flowery alpine meadow in a valley of the rivulet descending from the southerm principle slope of the Yuzhno-Chuiskii mountain range between the Chikty and Akbul Rivulets, 2700 m above sea level, the upper Dzhazator River basin, Kosh-Agach District, Altai Republic, West Siberia, Russia. 10th July 1998, Photo © Oleg Kosterin	567x485 (~39Kb) underside female A flowery alpine meadow in a valley of the rivulet descending from the southerm principle slope of the Yuzhno-Chuiskii mountain range between the Chikty and Akbul Rivulets, 2700 m above sea level, the upper Dzhazator River basin, Kosh-Agach District, Altai Republic, West Siberia, Russia. 10th July 1998, Photo © Oleg Kosterin
952x580 (~104Kb) upperside male A flowery alpine meadow in a valley of the rivulet descending from the southerm principle slope of the Yuzhno-Chuiskii mountain range between the Chikty and Akbul Rivulets, 2700 m above sea level, the upper Dzhazator River basin, Kosh-Agach District, Altai Republic, West SIberia, Russia. 10th July 1998, Photo © Oleg Kosterin	498x400 (~38Kb) underside female A flowery alpine meadow in a valley of the rivulet descending from the southerm principle slope of the Yuzhno-Chuiskii mountain range between the Chikty and Akbul Rivulets, 2700 m above sea level, the upper Dzhazator River basin, Kosh-Agach District, Altai Republic, West Siberia, Russia. 10th July 1998, Photo © Oleg Kosterin	1731x1165 (~404Kb) upperside female Canada: British Columbia, Pink Mtn, 3.7.1981, Photo 2007 © Norbert Kondla leg.
1662x1109 (~337Kb) underside female Canada: British Columbia, Pink Mtn, 3.7.1981, Photo 2007 © Norbert Kondla leg.	1556x1128 (~361Kb) upperside male Canada: British Columbia, Pink Mtn, 3.7.1981, Photo 2007 © Norbert Kondla leg.	1503x1056 (~311Kb) underside male Canada: British Columbia, Pink Mtn, 3.7.1981, Photo 2007 © Norbert Kondla leg.

Larva on Corydalis gigantea [NAB]

Larva on Corydalis arctica, C. paeoniipholia, C. gorodkovi, C. pauciflora [BRU]

P. e. eversmanni Ménétriés, [1850]

S.Siberia (mountains) altaicus Verity, 1911
lacinia Hemming, 1934

P. e. vosnessenski Ménétriés, [1850]

Sea of Okhotsk eversmanni magadana D. Weiss, 1971

P. e. polarius Schulte, 1991

NE.Yakutia, Chukot

P. e. thor H. Edwards, 1881

Alaska eversmanni thor H. Edwards, 1881; Papilio 1: 4
kohlsaati Gunder, 1932
ochreoocellatus Bryk & Eisner, 1932
quincunx Bryk & Eisner, 1934, not Bryk, 1914
desubmarginatus Bryk, 1935
Parnassius eversmanni thor, Butterflies of America [BOA]
Parnassius eversmanni thor ; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. natn. Mus., 52: 2; [NACL, 4153a]

?P. e. daisetsuzanus Matsumura, 1926

Japan

?P. e. maui Bryk, 1914

Parnassius felderi Bremer, 1861

Amur, Ussuri (mountains), NE.China, Korea, Japan. See [About maps] Parnassius felderi Bremer, 1861; Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb., 3: 464, TL: "Raddeevka" [Radde, Amur region]
Parnassius felderi, Extracts from [BRU] by [Ilya Osipov]
Parnassius felderi ; [BRU, 138]
Parnassius eversmanni felderi ; [MRS, 200]

Larva on Corydalis gigantea [BRU]

P. f. felderi Bremer, 1861

Bureinsky Mts

P. f. litoreus Stichel, 1907

S.Amur

P. f. maui Sheljuzhko, 1914

Sikhote-Alin Mts

Parnassius ariadne (Lederer, 1853)

Altai, Saur, Tarbagatai. See [About maps] ariadne (Lederer, 1853); Verh. zool.-bot. Ver. Wien, 3: 354, TL: [Bukhtarma River sources, Altai]
clarius Eversmann, 1843; (nom. praeocc.)
Parnassius ariadne, Extracts from [BRU] by [Ilya Osipov]
Parnassius ariadne ; [BRU, 138]; [MRS, 200]

Larva on Corydalis, C. nobilis [BRU]

P. a. ariadne Lederer, 1853

Altai

P. a. clarus Bryk & Eisner, 1932

Saur, Tarbagatai

P. a. jiadengyttensis Huang & Murayama

Parnassius ariadne jiadengyttensis ; [MRS, 200]

Parnassius delphius Eversmann, 1843

Afghanistan, C.Asia, Pakistan, N.India, Kashmir, Tibet, W.China. See [About maps] Parnassius delphius Eversmann, 1843; Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 16 (3): 541, pl. 7, f. 1A-B, TL: "Altai" [= error, Dzhungarsky Alatau, Kazakhstan]
Parnassius delphius, Extracts from [BRU] by [Ilya Osipov]
Parnassius delphius ; [BRU, 138]; [MRS, 205]

Larva on Cysticorydalis fedtschenkoana, Corydalis onobrichis [BRU]

P. d. delphius Eversmann, 1843

Dzhungarsky Alatau

P. d. namanganus Staudinger, 1886

NW. of Lake Issyk-Kul ?namaganus[sic?] ?Elwes, 1886; (spell., author?)

P. d. albulus Honrath, 1889

SW. of Lake Issyk-Kul

P. d. pulchra Eisner, 1939

N. of Lake Issyk-Kul

P. d. constans O. Bang-Haas, 1915

C.Tien Shan

P. d. f. styx Staudinger, 1886

delphius f. styx Staudinger, 1886; (infrasubspec.)

P. d. f. satanas A. Bang-Haas, 1910

delphius f. satanas A. Bang-Haas, 1910; (infrasubspec.)

P. d. karaschahricus Bang-Haas

Parnassius delphius karaschahricus ; [MRS, 205]

P. d. mephisto Hering

Parnassius delphius mephisto ; [MRS, 205]

P. d. kohibaba Clench & Shoumatoff, 1956

Afghanistan Parnassius delphius kohibaba Clench & Shoumatoff, 1956; Vidensk. Medd. Dansk Naturh. Forening 118: (141-192), TL: btw Surtu and top of Mt. Shah Fuladi, ca. 5000m

?Parnassius stoliczkanus Felder, 1865?²

Kashmir. See [About maps] stoliczkanus Felder, 1865?²; Reise der ... Fregatte Novara (Lep.)

Parnassius acdestis Grum-Grshimailo, 1891

Kirghizia, Kashmir, Tibet, Sikkim, Bhutan, W.China. See [About maps] Parnassius acdestis Grum-Grshimailo, 1891; Trudy russk. ent. Obshch. (25): 446

P. a. rupshuana Avinoff, 1916

P. a. takedai Mikami & Sakakibara, 1988

P. a. ladakensis Avinoff, 1916

P. a. peshkei Eisner, 1933

P. a. yanae Huang, 1998

NW.Tibet Parnassius acdestis yanae Huang, 1998; Neue Entomologische Nachrichten, 41: 273, pl. 1, f. 3a-d, 4a, 4b, TL: Main Peak of the Xiagangjiang Mts., 5200-5300m

P. a. limitis Weiss & Michel

Parnassius acdestis limitis ; [MRS, 205]

P. a. hades (Bryk)

Parnassius acdestis hades ; [MRS, 205]

P. a. cerevisiae Weiss & Michel

Parnassius acdestis cerevisiae ; [MRS, 205]

P. a. lathonius Bryk

Parnassius acdestis lathonius ; [MRS, 205]

P. a. macdonardi Rothschild

Parnassius acdestis macdonardi ; [MRS, 205]

P. a. felix Eisner

Parnassius acdestis felix ; [MRS, 205]

P. a. peeblesi Bryk

Parnassius acdestis peeblesi ; [MRS, 205]

P. a. imperatoides Weiss & Michel

Parnassius acdestis imperatoides ; [MRS, 205]

P. a. ohkuma Koiwaya

Parnassius acdestis ohkuma ; [MRS, 205]

P. a. manco Koiwaya

Parnassius acdestis manco ; [MRS, 205]

P. a. vogti (Bang-Haas)

Parnassius acdestis vogti ; [MRS, 205]

P. a. cinerosus Stichel

Parnassius acdestis cinerosus ; [MRS, 205]

P. a. irenaephis Bryk

Parnassius acdestis irenaephis ; [MRS, 205]

Parnassius stenosemus Honrath²

Parnassius stenosemus ; [EBW]

Parnassius maximinus Staudinger, 1891

W.Tian-Shan. See [About maps] Parnassius maximinus Staudinger, 1891; Dt. Ent. Z. Iris, 4 (1): 158, TL: [Chatkalsky Mts, Uzbekistan]
Parnassius maximinus, Extracts from [BRU] by [Ilya Osipov]
Parnassius maximinus ; [BRU, 139]

Larva on Corydalis darwasica, C. ledebouriana [BRU]

P. m. maximinus

Parnassius maximinus maximinus ; Bergmann, 1995, Atalanta 26 (1/2): pl. I, f. 3, 5-6

P. m. kasakstanus O. Bang-Haas, 1933

P. m. legezina Bergmann, 1995

W.Tian-Shan Parnassius maximinus legezina Bergmann, 1995; Atalanta 26 (1/2): 140, pl. I, f. 1-2, 4, TL: Usbekistan, W. Tian-Shan, Kurmaminski-Kette, Kamtschik-Pass, 1600-2000m

Parnassius staudingeri A. Bang-Haas, 1882

Pamirs-Alai, Hindu Kush, Karakorum, W.Kuen-Lun. See [About maps] Parnassius staudingeri A. Bang-Haas, 1882; Berl. ent. Z. 26 (1): 163, pl. 2, f. 7-8, 8a, TL: [Mt. Khazret-Sultan, W. Ghissarsky Mts]
Parnassius staudingeri, Extracts from [BRU] by [Ilya Osipov]
Parnassius staudingeri ; [BRU, 139]; [MRS, 205]

Larva on Cysticorydalis fedtschenkoana, Corydalis onobrychis [BRU]

P. s. staudingeri A. Bang-Haas, 1882

W.Ghissar staudingeri hodja Avinov, 1913

P. s. hissaricus Eisner, 1968

E.Ghissar staudingeri tzvetaevi J.L. Shchetkin, 1977

P. s. difficilis Murzin, 1989

Turkestansky Mts

P. s. infernalis Elwes, 1886

Alaisky, E.Zaalaisky Mts

P. s. illustris Grum-Grshimailo, 1888

W. Zaalaisky Mts

P. s. inacessibilis J.J. Shchetkin, 1979

Darvaz staudingeri valentinae J.J. Scchetkin, 1977; (nom. praeocc.)

P. s. darvasicus Avinov, 1916

W.Pamirs

P. s. jacobsoni Avinon, 1913

SW.Pamirs

P. s. hunza Grum-Grshimailo, 1888

SE.Pamirs

P. s. mustagata Rose

Parnassius staudingeri mustagata ; [MRS, 205]

Parnassius kiritshenkoi Avinov, 1910

E.Pamirs. See [About maps] Parnassius kiritshenkoi Avinov, 1910; Hor. Soc. ent. Ross., 39: 228, t. 14, f. 1, TL: Alichur Mts, E. Pamirs
Parnassius kiritshenkoi, Extracts from [BRU] by [Ilya Osipov]
Parnassius kiritshenkoi ; [BRU, 140]

?P. k. dunkeldykus Sotshivko & Kaabak, 1996

Sarykolsky Mts kiritshenkoi dunkeldykus Sotshivko & Kaabak, 1996; , TL: Sarylkolsky Mts

Parnassius cardinal Grum-Grshimailo, 1887

Darvaz, N.Afghanistan (Badahshan). See [About maps] Parnassius cardinal Grum-Grshimailo, 1887; in Romanoff, Mém. Lép., 3: 397, TL: [Plateau Tupchek, upper reaches of Kara-Shara River, Peter 1 Mts, Tajikistan]
Parnassius cardinal, Extracts from [BRU] by [Ilya Osipov]
Parnassius cardinal ; [BRU, 140]

Larva on Corydalis ledebouriana [BRU]

Parnassius patricius Niepelt, 1911

Tian-Shan. See [About maps] Parnassius patricius Niepelt, 1911; Int. ent. Z. 5: 274, TL: "Naryn" [Inner Tian-Shan, Kirghizia]
Parnassius patricius, Extracts from [BRU] by [Ilya Osipov]
Parnassius patricius ; [BRU, 140]

Larva on Cysticorydalis fedtschenkoana [BRU]

P. p. priamus Bryk, 1914

P. p. lukhtanovi Rose, 1992

Khan-Tengri peak

P. p. uzungyrus D. Weiss, 1979

Kirghizsky Mts patricius haugumensis Eisner, 1979

P. p. luedwigi Kreuzberg, 1989

Chatkalsky, Talassky

P. p. kardakoffi Bryk & Eisner, 1930

Kunghei-Alatau, Zailiisky Alatau

Parnassius simo Gray, 1853 (?1852)

Tadzhikistan, Kirghizia, Kashmir, Hindu Kush, Himalayas, Ladak, N.India, Tibet, W.China, Mongolia. See [About maps] Parnassius simo Gray, 1853 (?1852); Cat. Lep. Ins. Br. Mus. 1: 76, pl. 12, figs 3, 4, TL: "Chinese Tartary" [between Kumaon and Kashmir]
Parnassius simo, Extracts from [BRU] by [Ilya Osipov]
Parnassius simo ; [BRU, 141]; [BOW: pl. 135, f. 18]; [MRS, 209]; Huang, 1998, Neue Entomologische Nachrichten, 41: 275 (note), pl. 2, f. 5d, 6c-d

Larva on Lagotis globosa?, L. decumbens? [BRU]

P. s. avinovi Verity, 1911

E.Pamirs simo hilariae Kreuzberg, 1986

P. s. simulator Staudinger, 1889

P. s. gylippos Fruhstorfer, 1901

P. s. lise Eisner

Parnassius simo lise ; [MRS, 209]

P. s. kunlunensis Weiss

Parnassius simo kunlunensis ; [MRS, 209]

P. s. kosiovi Verity

Parnassius simo kosiovi ; [MRS, 209]

P. s. norikae Ohya

Parnassius simo norikae ; [MRS, 209]

P. s. simplicata Stich, 1907

simo simplicata Stich, 1907; , TL: Altun Shan
Parnassius simo simplicata ; Huang, 1998, Neue Entomologische Nachrichten, 41: 275 (note), pl. 2, f. 5c
Parnassius simo simplicatus ; [MRS, 209]

P. s. confusus Bang-Haas

Parnassius simo confusus ; [MRS, 209]

P. s. lenzeni Bryk

Parnassius simo lenzeni ; [MRS, 209]

P. s. acconus Fruhstorfer

Parnassius simo acconus ; [MRS, 209]

P. s. hingstoni Bryk

Parnassius simo hingstoni ; [MRS, 209]

P. s. bainqenerdini Huang, 1998

Xiagangjian Mts. Parnassius simo bainqenerdini Huang, 1998; Neue Entomologische Nachrichten, 41: 275, pl. 2, f. 5a-b, 6a-b, TL: Main Peak, 5200-5300

Parnassius andreji Eisner

Parnassius andreji ; [MRS, 209]

P. a. eos Bryk & Eisner

Parnassius andreji eos ; [MRS, 209]

P. a. simillimus Bryk & Eisner

Parnassius andreji simillimus ; [MRS, 209]

P. a. buddenbrocki Bang-Haas

Parnassius andreji buddenbrocki ; [MRS, 209]

P. a. dirschi Bang-Haas

Parnassius andreji disrchi ; [MRS, 209]

P. a. ogawai Ohya

Parnassius andreji ogawai ; [MRS, 209]

Parnassius simonius Staudinger, 1889

Pamirs-Alai Parnassius simonius Staudinger, 1889; Stett. ent. Ztg., 50: 16, TL: ".. Pamir-Gebiet (oder Transalai?)"
Parnassius simonius, Extracts from [BRU] by [Ilya Osipov]
Parnassius simonius ; [BRU, 141]

Larva on Lagotis decumbens?, Veronica luetkeana? [BRU]

P. s. simonius Staudinger, 1889

Zaalaisky

P. s. grayi Avinov, 1916

Alaisky

P. s. nigrificatus Kreuzberg, 1986

P. s. taldicus Gundorov, 1991

simonius shuvalorum Kreuzberg & Pljushch, 1992

Parnassius boedromius Püngeler, 1901

Tian-Shan. See [About maps] Parnassius boedromius Püngeler, 1901; D. ent. Z. Iris, 14: 177, t. 1, Abb. 3-4
Parnassius boedromius, Extracts from [BRU] by [Ilya Osipov]
Parnassius boedromius ; [BRU, 142]

Larva on Lagotis decumbens?, L. integrifolia? [BRU]

P. b. prasolovi Kreuzberg, 1986

Inner Tian-Shan

P. b. hohlbecki Avinov, 1913

N.Tian-Shan

P. b. martiniheringi Bryk & Eisner, 1930

Zailiisky, Kunghei-Alatau

P. b. sokolovi Kreuzberg, 1990

NW.Tian-Shan

Parnassius tenedius Eversmann, 1851

Altai - W.Chukot, Yakut, Tura, N.China, Mongolia. See [About maps] Parnassius tenedius Eversmann, 1851; Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 24(2): 621, TL: [Irkutsk Region, Russia]
Parnassius tenedius tenedius, Lepidoptera collection [SZMN]
Parnassius tenedius, Extracts from [BRU] by [Ilya Osipov]
Parnassius tenedius ; [BRU, 142]; [MRS, 209]

Larva on Corydalis sibirica, C. capnoides [BRU], Corydalis spp. [MRS]

P. t. vulcanus Bryk & Eisner, 1932

Altai

P. t. scepticus Bryk & Eisner, 1932

Transbaikalia Parnassius tenedius sceptica ; [MRS, 209]

P. t. britae Bryk, 1932

Chukot, Far East

Parnassius arctica (Eisner, 1968)

NE.Yakutia. See [About maps] arctica (Eisner, 1968); Zool. Meded., 43: 15, t. 1, Abb. 7, 8, TL: [Verkhoyansky Mts., Yakutia]
?Parnassius ammosovi Korshunov, 1988
Parnassius ammosovi, Lepidoptera collection [SZMN]
Parnassius arctica, Extracts from [BRU] by [Ilya Osipov]
Parnassius arctica ; [BRU, 142]

Larva on Corydalis corodkovi [BRU]

Parnassius bremeri Bremer, 1864

Lake Baikal - Ussuri, NE.China, Korea. See [About maps] Parnassius bremeri Bremer, 1864; Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersburg 8(1): 6, t. 1, f. 3, 4, TL: [Delta of Oldoi River ...]
Parnassius bremeri, Extracts from [BRU] by [Ilya Osipov]
Parnassius bremeri ; [BRU, 143]; [MRS, 193]

640x480 (~69Kb) larva Raddejewka (Amur), ex. ovo 2000, Photo © Hans Degler	640x480 (~58Kb) larva Raddejewka (Amur), ex. ovo 2000, Photo © Hans Degler	640x480 (~85Kb) larva Raddejewka (Amur), ex. ovo 2000, Photo © Hans Degler
640x480 (~76Kb) upperside Raddejewka (Amur), ex. ovo 2000, Photo © Hans Degler	640x480 (~76Kb) underside Raddejewka (Amur), ex. ovo 2000, Photo © Hans Degler	640x480 (~58Kb) Raddejewka (Amur), ex. ovo 2000, Photo © Hans Degler
640x480 (~69Kb) underside Raddejewka (Amur), ex. ovo 2000, Photo © Hans Degler

Larva on Sedum aizoon, Sedum ussuriensis, S. ishida, Orostachys malacophylla [BRU], Sedum spp., Sedum quadrifolium [MRS]

P. b. conjunctus Staudinger, 1901

Ussuri

P. b. graeseri Honrath, 1885

Transbaikalia

P. b. amgunensis Sheljuzhko, 1928

Lower Amur region

P. b. orotschonicus O. Bang-Haas, 1927

Sikhote-Alin (coast) bremeri olgensis Kardakov, 1928

P. b. nipponus Kreuzberg, 1992

Kunashir Island

Parnassius nomion Fischer de Waldheim, 1823

Urals, Altai, S.Siberia - Ussuri, Amur, Mongolia, China, Korea. See [About maps] Parnassius nomion Fischer de Waldheim, 1823; Entomographia Imp. ross., 2: 242, TL: "Dauria"
Parnassius nomion, Extracts from [BRU] by [Ilya Osipov]
Parnassius nomion ; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. natn. Mus., 52: 2 [for Alaska, missid.?]; [BRU, 143]; [MRS, 196]

510x390 (~45Kb) upperside The Koksu River left bank 2 km upstream of its junctin with the Argut River, Central Altai Mountains, West Siberia, Russia. July 1988 (sitting on Spiraea chamaedryfolia), Photo © Oleg Kosterin	800x600 (~105Kb) upperside male Spiraea salicifolia L. bushes on the Onon River right bank floodland just below a high steppen terrace, 5 km upstream of the village Nizhnii Tsasuchei, Onon District, Chita Province, Transbaikalia, Siberia, Russia, 16th July 1997, Photo © Oleg Kosterin	533x400 (~42Kb) underside male Spiraea salicifolia L. bushes on the Onon River right bank floodland just below a high steppen terrace, 5 km upstream of the village Nizhnii Tsasuchei, Onon District, Chita Province, Transbaikalia, Siberia, Russia, 16th July 1997, Photo © Oleg Kosterin
800x600 (~117Kb) larva A meadow steppe on a moderate elevation Adon-Chelon at the mountain Tsagan-Obo, 10 km NNW of the village Tasyrkhoi, SE Chita Province (Dahuria), Transbaikalia, Siberia, Russia, 20th June 1995 (The last instar larva near its foodplant Sedum aizoon L.), Photo © Oleg Kosterin

Larva on Sedum, Orostachys [BRU]

P. n. nomion Fischer von Waldheim, 1823

Transbaikalia

P. n. dis Grum-Grshimailo, 1890

E.Sayan Mts

P. n. nominulus Staudinger, 1895

Tuva

P. n. aurora O. Bang-Haas, 1933

Amur

P. n. mandschuriae Oberthür, 1891

Ussuri Parnassius nomion mandschuriae ; [MRS, 196]

P. n. korshunovi Kreuzberg & Pljushch, 1992

Altai, W.Sayan, Urals

P. n. oberthuerianus Bryk

Parnassius nomion oberthuerianus ; [MRS, 196]

P. n. tsinlingensis Bryk & Eisner

Parnassius nomion tsinlingensis ; [MRS, 196]

P. n. shansiensis Eisner

Parnassius nomion shansiensis ; [MRS, 196]

P. n. richthofeni Bang-Haas

Parnassius nomion richthofeni ; [MRS, 196]

P. n. theagenes Fruhstorfer

Parnassius nomion theagenes ; [MRS, 196]

P. n. gabrieli Bryk

Parnassius nomion gabrieli ; [MRS, 196]

P. n. nomius Grum-Grshimailo

Parnassius nomion nomius ; [MRS, 196]

P. n. minschani Bryk-Eisner

Parnassius nomion minschani ; [MRS, 196]

Parnassius apollo (Linnaeus, 1758)

EU, Tien-Shan, Siberia - Yakutia, N.Urals - Transcaucasia, Asia Minor, Middle East, Mongolia. See [About maps] Apollo Apollo Apollofjäril Apollo l'Apollon Apolo Niepylak apollo
Papilio apollo Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 465, TL: Sweden
Parnassius apollo, Larvae of North-European Lepidoptera [Kimmo Silvonen]
Parnassius apollo, Svenska fjärilar [SVF]
Parnassius apollo, Norges Sommerfugler [NORLEP]
Parnassius apollo, Moths and Butterflies of Europe [MBE]
Parnassius apollo, Extracts from [BRU] by [Ilya Osipov]
Parnassius apollo, Europaische Schmetterlinge [Mario Maier]
Parnassius apollo, Captain's European Butterfly Guide [Simon Coombes]
Parnassius apollo ; [BRU, 144]; [BOW: pl. 1, f. 6]; [MRS, 198]; [Otakar Kudrna]

500x320 (~63Kb) upperside Mt. Canigou, Pyrenees Orientales, France 27/7/96, Photo © Simon Coombes	500x345 (~20Kb) upperside Sweden, Gotland, Hejnum, 23.7.1996, Photo © Tero Piirainen	500x435 (~27Kb) underside Sweden, Gotland, Hejnum, 23.7.1996, Photo © Tero Piirainen
600x360 (~53Kb) larva Finland, Parainen 669:23, 25.06.1985, Photo © Pertti Pakkanen	640x480 (~88Kb) larva Sweden, Småland, ex. ovo, Photo 2000 © Hans Degler	640x480 (~88Kb) pupa Sweden, Småland, ex. ovo, Photo 2000 © Hans Degler
598x400 (~81Kb) larva Central Europe 1990-2000, Photo © Michael Borsch	598x400 (~58Kb) upperside Central Europe 1990-2000, Photo © Michael Borsch

Larva on Sedum telephium, S. album, S. rupestre, S. rosea [SPRK], Hylotelephium caucasicum, Sempervivum [BRU]

P. a. finmarchicus Rothschild, 1906

N.Europe (Karelia)

P. a. democratus Kulikowsky, 1906

C.Europe

P. a. rosenius Fruhstorfer, 1923

Carpathians

P. a. graecus Ziegler, 1901

Bulgaria?

P. a. limicola Stichel, 1906

Urals

P. a. alpherakyi Krulikowsky, 1906

Altai Parnassius apollo alpherakyi, Lepidoptera collection [SZMN]

P. a. merzbacheri Fruhstorfer, 1906

N.Tian Shan, Dzhungarsky Alatau

533x400 (~66Kb) upperside male A meadowy southern slope of the Tyshkan River valley, altitude of 2400 m, 38 km NEN of Zharkent, 13 km NEN of Sarybel', massif Tyshkantau, the Southern Dzhungarian Alatau mountain chain (NE part of Tien Shan), Zharkent District, Taldy-Kurgan region, SE Kazakhstan. 24th of July 1994, Photo © Oleg Kosterin

755x483 (~51Kb) upperside male A meadowy southern slope of the Tyshkan River valley, altitude of 2400 m, 38 km NEN of Zharkent, 13 km NEN of Sarybel', massif Tyshkantau, the Southern Dzhungarian Alatau mountain chain (NE part of Tien Shan), Zharkent District, Taldy-Kurgan region, SE Kazakhstan. 24th of July 1994, Photo © Oleg Kosterin

732x476 (~41Kb) male A meadowy southern slope of the Tyshkan River valley, altitude of 2400 m, 38 km NEN of Zharkent, 13 km NEN of Sarybel', massif Tyshkantau, the Southern Dzhungarian Alatau mountain chain (NE part of Tien Shan), Zharkent District, Taldy-Kurgan region, SE Kazakhstan. 24th of July 1994 (in spider web), Photo © Oleg Kosterin

P. a. meinhardi Sheljuzhko, 1924

N.Kazakhstan, W.Siberia

P. a. sibiricus Nordmann, 1851

E.Siberia

533x400 (~62Kb) larva A rocky south-exposed slope of the right board of the Berd' River valley 13 km SE of the village Novososedovo (on the elevation of Salairskii Kryazh), Iskitim District, Novosibirsk Province, West Siberia, Russia. 10th May 1996 (A mature instar larva), Photo © Oleg Kosterin

P. a. hesebolus Nordmann, 1851

Transbaikalia, Yakutia Parnassius apollo hesebolus, Lepidoptera collection [SZMN]

P. a. suaneticus Arnold, 1909

Caucasus Major

P. a. kashtsehenko Sheljuzhko, 1908

Caucasus Minor, Armenia

P. a. leovigildus Fruhstorfer, 1909

Parnassius apollo leovigildus Fruhstorfer, 1909; Int. ent. Zs. 3 (30): 161

640x480 (~93Kb) larva France, Montage de Lure, ex. ovo (2nd gen.), Photo 2000 © Hans Degler

P. a. provincialis Kheil, 1905

640x480 (~82Kb) larva France, Mont Lachens, ex. ovo, Photo 2000 © Hans Degler

P. a. rhea (Poda, 1761)

P. a. jelicus Fruhstorfer, 1921

Parnassius apollo jelicus Fruhstorfer, 1921; Ent. Anz. 1 (8): 87 (10 August), TL: Serbien, Jelicapass
jelicus ; Abadjiev, 2002, Neue Ent. Nachr. 23: 14

P. a. graecus Ziegler, 1901

Parnassius apollo graecus Ziegler, 1901; Berliner Ent. Zeitschrift 46 (1): (11)
Parnassius apollo omotimoius Fruhstorfer, 1921; Ent. Anz. 1 (8): 88 (10 August), TL: Vitosch near Sofia, Bulgaria

= ; Abadjiev, 2002, Neue Ent. Nachr. 23: 14

Parnassius apollo yglanus Fruhstorfer, 1921; Ent. Anz. 1 (8): 88 (10 August), TL: Rila Planina, 1400m, Bulgaria

= ; Abadjiev, 2002, Neue Ent. Nachr. 23: 14

Parnassius apollo hermiston Fruhstorfer, 1921; Ent. Anz. 1 (8): 89 (10 August), TL: Balkan, Schipkapass, ca. 1300m, Bulgaria

= ; Abadjiev, 2002, Neue Ent. Nachr. 23: 15

Parnassius apollo olympiacus Kolar & Rebel, 1934; Int. ent. Z. 28 (29): 368, TL: Kalyvia Vrissula, Olymp., 1300m [Greece]

= ; Abadjiev, 2002, Neue Ent. Nachr. 23: 15

Parnassius apollo thessalicus O. Bang-Haas, 1934; Ent. Z. Frankf. a. M. 48 (16): 128, TL: Greece, Thessalia, Litochoran, Olymp., 2100-2400m

= ; Abadjiev, 2002, Neue Ent. Nachr. 23: 15

omotimoius ; Abadjiev, 2002, Neue Ent. Nachr. 23: 14
yglanus ; Abadjiev, 2002, Neue Ent. Nachr. 23: 14
hermiston ; Abadjiev, 2002, Neue Ent. Nachr. 23: 15
olympiacus ; Abadjiev, 2002, Neue Ent. Nachr. 23: 15
thessalicus ; Abadjiev, 2002, Neue Ent. Nachr. 23: 15

P. a. ottonius Fruhstorfer, 1909

Parnassius apollo ottonius Fruhstorfer, 1909; Int. ent. Zs. 3 (30): 161, TL: "österreichischen Küstenlande.. Krain"
Parnassius apollo leimdoerfferi Bryk, 1935; Das Tierreich 65: 450, TL: "Fiume (Cirkvenica)" [Croatia, Rijeka, Crikvenica]

= ; Abadjiev, 2002, Neue Ent. Nachr. 23: 16

ottonius ; Abadjiev, 2002, Neue Ent. Nachr. 23: 13
leimdoerfferi ; Abadjiev, 2002, Neue Ent. Nachr. 23: 16

Parnassius apollonius (Eversmann, 1804)

Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kirghizia, Tadzhikistan, W.Sinkiang. See [About maps] apollonius (Eversmann, 1804); Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 20(2): 71, t. 3, f. 1-2, TL: "Songaria"
Parnassius apollonius, Extracts from [BRU] by [Ilya Osipov]
Parnassius apollonius ; [BRU, 144]; [MRS, 193]

Larva on Pseudosedum, Rosularia spp. [BRU], Salsola spp., Scabiosa spp., Rhodiola semenovi [MRS]

P. a. apollonius Eversmann, 1804

S.Altai, Saur, Tarbagatai, Dzhungarsky Alatau

P. a. poseidon Bryk & Eisner, 1934

W.Tian-Shan

P. a. glaucopsis Bryk & Eisner, 1934

S.Kazakhstan

P. a. gloriosus Fruhstorfer, 1904

N.Tian-Shan

P. a. narynus Fruhstorfer, 1908

Inner Tian-Shan

P. a. alpinus Staudinger, 1887

Alai

P. a. daubi Fruhstorfer, 1903

Ghissar

P. a. aphrodite Bryk & Eisner, 1934

Ili River valley

P. a. kuldschaensis Bryk & Eisner

Parnassius apollonius kuldschaensis ; [MRS, 193]

P. a. horaki Kreuzberg, 1989

Parnassius phoebus (Fabricius, 1793)

Alps, Urals, Siberia, Kazakhastan, Mongolia, China, Alaska?, Alberta?. See [About maps] Small Apollo Phoebus Parnassian Alpen-Apollo
Papilio phoebus Fabricius, 1793; Ent. Syst. 3 (1): 181, TL: Altai, Ongudai
Papilio delius Esper, 1800
Parnassius phoebus, NSG Voucher Specimen [Wahlberg]
Parnassius phoebus, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]
Parnassius phoebus, Moths and Butterflies of Europe [MBE]
Parnassius phoebus, Extracts from [BRU] by [Ilya Osipov]
Parnassius phoebus, Europaische Schmetterlinge [Mario Maier]
Parnassius phoebus ; [BRU, 145]; [NACL, #4155]; [BOW: pl. 1, f. 8]; [MRS, 194]; [Opler]; [Otakar Kudrna]

717x456 (~33Kb) female An alpine meadow in the valley of a headwater of the Chikty Rivulet, 2500 m above sea level, the southern principle slope of the Yuzhno-Chuiskii mountain range, the upper Dzhazator River basin, Kosh-Agach District, Altai Republic, West Siberia, Russia. 15th July 1998, Photo © Oleg Kosterin

1084x396 (~68Kb) larva A SW slope of a mountain SE of the peak Ilyas and SW of the peak Zhaniktu, which divides sources of the Chikty Rivulet, 3000 m above sea level, the Yuzhno-Chuiskii mountain range, the upper Dzhazator River basin, Kosh-Agach District, Altai Republic, West Siberia, Russia. 15th July 1998, Photo © Oleg Kosterin

Larva on Saxifraga aizioides, Sempervivum montanum [H&R]

Larva on Sedum lanceolatum, Sedum obtusatum, Sedum? [NAB]

Larva on Rhodiola rosea, Sedum spp., Saxifraga spp. [BRU]

Larva on Saxifraga spp., Saxifraga aizioides, S. calycina, S. nivalis, Sempervivum montanum, S. tectorum, Sedum stenopetalum, S. telephium, Sedum fabria, S. album, S. debile, S. obtusatum, S. wrightii, S. lanceolatum [MRS]

P. p. confederationis

P. p. intermedius Ménétriés, 1851

S.Altai

P. p. fortuna O. Bang-Haas, 1912

Transbaikalia Parnassius phoebus fortuna ; [MRS, 194]

P. p. ochotskensis Bryk & Eisner, 1931

Russian far east (coastal mountains)

533x400 (~73Kb) upperside female A flowery slope of the coastal terrace at the Burgauli River mouth on the south (Ochot Sea) coast of the Koni Peninsula, Ola District, S Magadan Province, Russia. 17th July, 1989, Photo © Oleg Kosterin

400x533 (~50Kb) underside male A flowery slope of the coastal terrace on the Cape Alevina - the south-west ending of the Koni Peninsula, Ola District, S Magadan Province, Russia. 15th July, 1989, Photo © Oleg Kosterin

P. p. uralensis Ménétriés, 1859

Polar Urals

P. p. interpositus Herz, 1903

Yakutia

P. p. sedakovi Ménétriés, [1850]

Baikal phoebus sedakovi Ménétriés, [1850]; in Siemaschko
Parnassius phoebus sedakovi, Lepidoptera collection [SZMN]

P. p. corybas Fischer von Waldheim, 1824

Kamchatka phoebus kamtchatica Ménétriés, 1859

P. p. f. alpestris Verity, 1911

Altai

P. p. sauricus Lukhtanov, 1999

E.Kasakstan (Saur-Tarbagatai Mts.) Parnassius phoebus sauricus Lukhtanov, 1999; Atalanta 30 (1/4): 136, TL: Kasakstan, Ust-Kemenogorsk, Saur, Kysylkiya, 2900m

P. p. apricatus Stichel, 1906

C.Alaska - W.Yukon Parnassius phoebus apricatus, Butterflies of America [BOA]
Parnassius phoebus apricatus ; [NACL, #4155i]

P. p. golovinus Holland, 1930

W.Alaska Parnassius phoebus golovinus ; [NACL, #4155j]

P. p. alaskensis Eisner, 1956

alaskaensis Eisner, 1957; (emend.)
Parnassius phoebus alaskensis ; [NACL, #4155k]

ssp. of smintheus?

P. p. elias Bryk, 1934

Parnassius phoebus elias ; [NACL, #4155l]

ssp. of smintheus?

P. p. sayii Edwards, 1863

hermodur H. Edwards, 1881; Papilio 1: 4
nigerrimus Verity, 1907
mariae Bryk, 1912
quincunx Bryk, 1915, not Bryk, 1914
polus Ehrmann, 1917
montanus Ehrmann, 1918
utahensis Rothschild, 1918
fermatus Bryk, 1921
melanophorus Bryk, 1921
sordellus Fruhstorfer, 1923
aristion Fruhstorfer, 1923
catullius Fruhstorfer, 1923
dakotaensis Bryk & Eisner, 1935
hollandi Bryk & Eisner, 1935
rotgeri Bang-Haas, 1938
reducta Bang-Haas, 1938
discocircumcinctus Eisner, 1955
rubiana Wyatt, 1961
excelsior Eisner, 1969
pholus ; Barner & Benjamin, 1926, (missp.)
hermador ; F. M. Brown, Eff & Rotger, 1956, (missp.)
Parnassius smintheus hermodur ; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. natn. Mus., 52: 1
Parnassius phoebus sayii ; [NACL, #4155g]

ssp. of smintheus?

Parnassius smintheus Doubleday, [1847]

Alaska, British Columbia, W.USA. See [About maps] Mountain Parnassian
Parnassius smintheus Doubleday, [1847]; Gen. diurn. Lep. (1): pl. 4
sedakovii Ménétriés, 1855; Cat. lep. Petersb. 1: 71
rocky Grum-Grshimailo, 1890
nanus Neumann, 1890; Ent. Amer. 6: 61
minor Verity, 1907; (preocc. Staudinger, 1881)
minusculus Bryk, 1912
quincunx Bryk, 1914
verity Ehrmann, 1918; (repl. name)
ernestinae Bryk & Eisner, 1935
manitobaensis Bryk & Eisner, 1935
Parnassius smintheus, Butterflies and Moths of North America [BAMONA]
Parnassius smintheus nanus ; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. natn. Mus., 52: 1
Parnassius smintheus sedakovii ; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. natn. Mus., 52: 1
Parnassius phoebus smintheus ; [NACL, #4155e]
Parnassius smintheus ; [BOC, 112]; [Opler]

900x746 (~117Kb) USA: FR3100, Wenatchee National Forest, (47°03'55N 120°57'48W), Kittitas Co., WA, 29.7.1999, Photo © Markku Savela	900x708 (~60Kb) upperside USA: FR3100, Wenatchee National Forest, (47°03'55N 120°57'48W), Kittitas Co., WA, 29.7.1999, Photo © Markku Savela	800x892 (~90Kb) underside USA: FR3100, Wenatchee National Forest, (47°03'55N 120°57'48W), Kittitas Co., WA, 29.7.1999, Photo © Markku Savela
900x660 (~74Kb) upperside USA: FR3120(?), Wenatchee National Forest, (47°03'51N 120°58'36W), Kittitas Co., WA, 29.7.1999, Photo © Markku Savela	800x541 (~47Kb) upperside USA: FR3120(?), Wenatchee National Forest, (47°03'51N 120°58'36W), Kittitas Co., WA, 29.7.1999, Photo © Markku Savela	1000x772 (~88Kb) underside USA: FR3120(?), Wenatchee National Forest, (47°03'51N 120°58'36W), Kittitas Co., WA, 29.7.1999, Photo © Markku Savela
1000x686 (~97Kb) upperside USA: FR3330(?), Wenatchee National Forest, (47°04'11N 120°56'09W), Kittitas Co., WA, 29.7.1999, Photo © Markku Savela	1600x1200 (~354Kb) upperside male Canada, Alberta [not Manitoba], nr. Exshaw, 15.VII.1933 (Parnassius smintheus "manitobaensis"), Photo 2004 © Joseph Belicek NHMW Wien

Larva on Sedum lanceolatum, S. roseum, S. divergens, S. stenopetalum, S. oreganum [BOC]

P. s. smintheus

P. s. sternitzkyi McDunnough, 1936

N.California Parnassius smintheus sternitzkyi McDunnough, 1936; Can. ent. 68: , TL: Castle Lake, Siskiyou Co., California
Parnassius smintheus sternitzkyi, Butterflies of America [BOA]
Parnassius phoebus sternitzkyi ; [NACL, #4155b]
Parnassius smintheus sternitzkyi ; [BOC]

P. s. magnus Wright, 1905

Washington smintheus magnus Wright, 1905; , TL: Enderby, British Columbia
Parnassius phoebus magnus ; [NACL, #4155c]
Parnassius smintheus magnus ; [BOC, 112]

1816x1500 (~469Kb) upperside female Canada, British Columbia, Record Ridge, Photo © Norbert Kondla	1800x1500 (~429Kb) underside female Canada, British Columbia, Record Ridge, Photo © Norbert Kondla	1810x1466 (~349Kb) upperside male Canada, British Columbia, Record Ridge, Photo © Norbert Kondla leg.
1752x1398 (~324Kb) underside male Canada, British Columbia, Record Ridge, Photo © Norbert Kondla leg.

P. s. olympiannus Burdick, 1941

Olympic Mountains, Vancouver Is. Parnassius smintheus olympiannus Burdick, 1941; Can. Ent. 73 (7): (117-118), TL: Hurricane Hill, Olympic Peninsula, Clallam Co., Washington
Parnassius phoebus guppyi Wyatt, 1969; Z. wien. ent. Ges. 54: (132-133), TL: Mt. Arrowsmith, Vancouver I., British Columbia
Parnassius phoebus olympianus ; [NACL, #4155d (missp.)]
Parnassius smintheus olympiannus ; [BOC, 112]

Larva on Sedum divergens Guppy, 1998, J. Lep. Soc. 52 (1): 113 (for guppyi in Vancouver I.)

P. s. xanthus Ehrmann, 1918

Washington smintheus xanthus Ehrmann, 1918; , TL: Moscow, Idaho

= ?Parnassius smintheus magnus Wright, 1905;

mendicus Stichel, 1907; (ab.)
pseudocorybas Verity, 1907; (ab.)
idahoensis Bryk & Eisner, 1931; , TL: Wallace, Idaho

= ?Parnassius smintheus magnus Wright, 1905;

montanulus Bryk & Eisner, 1931; , TL: Missoula, Montana

= ?Parnassius smintheus magnus Wright, 1905;

maximus Bryk & Eisner, 1937; , TL: Judith Mtns, Montana
Parnassius phoebus xanthus ; [NACL, #4155f]
Parnassius smintheus xanthus ; [BOC, 112]

P. s. pseudorotgeri Eisner, 1966

Colorado (San Juan Mtns) Parnassius smintheus pseudorotgeri, Butterflies of America [BOA]
Parnassius phoebus pseudorotgeri ; [NACL, #4155h]

P. s. yukonensis Eisner, 1969

S.Yukon, British Columbia Parnassius phoebus yukonensis ; [NACL, #4155m]

Parnassius behrii Edwards, 1870

California. See [About maps] Parnassius behrii Edwards, 1870; Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 3: 10
niger W. G. Wright, 1905
astriotes Fruhstorfer, 1923
Parnassius behrii, Butterflies of America [BOA]
Parnassius smintheus behrii ; Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. natn. Mus., 52: 1
Parnassius phoebus behrii ; [NACL, #4155a]
Parnassius behrii ; [Opler]

Parnassius honrathi Staudinger, 1882

Ghissar-Alai, W.Pamirs, Badahshan. See [About maps] Parnassius honrathi Staudinger, 1882; Berl. Ent. Z. 26: 161, pl. 1, f. 5, 6, pl. 2, f. 5, TL: Hazret-Sultan-Gebirge, südlich von Samarkand
Parnassius honrathi, Extracts from [BRU] by [Ilya Osipov]
Parnassius honrathi ; [BRU, 145]

P. h. honrathi Staudinger, 1882

W.Ghissar Parnassius honrathi tusovi J.J & J.L Shchetkin, 1989; : (53-55)

P. h. ernesti Bryk, 1932

E.Ghissar, Darvaz, Parnassius honrathi chaitcus J.L & J.J Shchetkin, 1989; : (53-55)
honrathi kondarensis J.J Shchetkin, 1988

P. h. alburnus Stichel, 1907

W.Pamirs

Parnassius jacquemonti Boisduval, 1836

Tadzhikistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, N.India, Chitral - Kumaon, Tibet, Sinkiang, Kansu, Szechwan. See [About maps] Keeled Apollo
Parnassius jacquemonti Boisduval, 1836; Spéc. Gén. Lép. 1: 400, TL: "...l'Himalaya"
Parnassius jacquemonti ; [BRU, 145]
Parnassius jacquemontii ; [EBW]; [MRS, 194]

Larva on Rhodiola spp. [BRU]

P. j. variabilis Stichel, 1906

Ghissar, Alai, Inner Tian-Shan jacquemonti diana Bryk, 1934

P. j. rubicundus Stichel, 1906

W.Pamirs

P. j. pamirus O. Bang-Haas, 1927

E.Pamirs

P. j. jupiterius Bang-Haas

Parnassius jacquemontii jupiterius ; [MRS, 194]

P. j. mercurius Grum-Grshimailo

Parnassius jacquemontii mercurius ; [MRS, 194]

P. j. thibetanus Leech

Parnassius jacquemontii thibetanus ; [MRS, 194]

P. j. tatungi Bryk & Eisner

Parnassius jacquemontii tatungi ; [MRS, 194]

Parnassius epaphus Oberthür, 1879

Afghanistan - Kashmir, Nepal, Chitral - Sikkim, Tibet - Singkiang, Kansu, Tshingai, Szechwan. See [About maps] Common Red Apollo
Parnassius epaphus Oberthür, 1879; Etudes d'Ent. 4: 23
?beresowskyi Staudinger²
Parnassius epaphus ; [MRS, 195]

P. e. everesti Riley, 1922

epaphus everesti Riley, 1922; , TL: Mt. Everest

P. e. himalayanus Riley, 1922

epaphus himalayanus Riley, 1922; , TL: Mt. Everest

P. e. robertsi Epstein, 1979

epaphus robertsi Epstein, 1979; , TL: C.Nepal

P. e. capdevillei Epstein, 1979

epaphus capdevillei Epstein, 1979; , TL: C.Nepal

P. e. tsaiae Huang, 1998

NW.Tibet Parnassius epaphus tsaiae Huang, 1998; Neue Entomologische Nachrichten, 41: 274, pl. 1, f. 4c, 4d, TL: Maojiali, Main Peak, 4900-5200

P. e. sikkimensis Elwes

Parnassius epaphus sikkimensis ; [MRS, 195]

P. e. poeta Oberthür, 1892

Parnassius epaphus poeta ; Huang, 2001

Parnassius actius (Eversmann, 1843)

Tadzhikistan, Kirghizia, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kashmir, Sinkiang, Kansu. See [About maps] actius (Eversmann, 1843); Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscau 16: 540, t. 9, f. 2a, b, TL: "Altai" [= error?, Dzhungarsky Alatau, Kazakhstan]
Parnassius actius, Extracts from [BRU] by [Ilya Osipov]
Parnassius actius ; [BRU, 146]; [MRS, 194]

471x350 (~64Kb) upperside female Alpine vegetation on the bank of the Kyzylagash River source, about 2800 m altitude, 17 km SE of the village Kopal, the northern slope of the Mynchukur mountain range, the Northern Dzhungarian Alatau mountain chain (NE part of Tien Shan), Kopal District, Taldy-Kurgan Province, SE Kazakhstan. 6th August 1994, Photo © Oleg Kosterin

P. a. actius Eversmann, 1843

Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts

P. a. minutus Verity, 1911

N.Tian-Shan

P. a. ambrosius Stichel, 1907

Central Tian-Shan

P. a. dubitabilis Verity, 1911

N., W. and Innert Tian-Shan

P. a. flora O. Bang-Haas, 1915

Alai, Ghissar

P. a. brutus O. Bang-Haas, 1915

E.Pamirs

?P. a. pseudobrutus Bryk & Eisner, 1914

Parnassius tianschanicus Oberthür, 1879

Tadzhikitan, Kirghizia, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan - Kasmir, Sinkiang. See [About maps] Parnassius tianschanicus Oberthür, 1879; Etudes d'Ent. 4: 108, TL: "Kuldja"
discobolus Alpheraky²
Parnassius tianschanicus ; [BRU, 146]; [MRS, 195]

Larva on Rhodiola, Pseudosedum [BRU]

P. t. tianschanicus Oberthür, 1879

Mountains N. of Lake Issyk-Kul

P. t. minor Staudinger, 1881

Dzungarsky Alatau

P. t. alexander Bryk & Eisner, 1935

Kirghizsky Mts, Talassky Mts

P. t. chimganus Kreuzberg, 1989

W.Tian-Shan

P. t. astrictio Ohya, 1987