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Viola L.

Orvokit Violet Heart's Ease
Viola, Biota of North America Program (query database) [BONAP]
Viola, Den Virtuella Floran [DVF]

Foodplants for Argynnis pandora, Argyronome laodice, A. ruslana lysippe, Boloria alaskensis, B. pales, Brenthis daphne, B. hecate, Clossiana dia, C. euphrosyne, C. kriemhild, C. oscarus, C. selene, C. selenis, C. titania bivina, Euclidia glyphica, Euphydryas maturna, Euptoieta claudia, Fabriciana adippe, F. elisa, F. niobe, Issoria hanningtoni, I. lathonia, Lygephila viciae, Melitaea didyma, Noctua janthina, Proclossiana eunomia, Sideridis reticulatus, Speyeria alexandra, S. aphrodite, S. callippe, S. coronis, S. cybele, S. diana, S. edwardsii, S. hydaspe, S. idalia, S. zerene, Syngrapha devergens

800x648 (~88Kb) FINLAND: Ka: Virolahti, Virojoki 671:53, 7.6.1997, Photo © Markku Savela	1200x1045 (~131Kb) Finland, Virolahti, Virojoki (6719:539), 29.5.2004, Photo © Markku Savela	800x1094 (~66Kb) Finland, Virolahti, Virojoki (6719:539), 29.5.2004, Photo © Markku Savela
800x1144 (~73Kb) Finland, Virolahti, Virojoki (6719:539), 29.5.2004, Photo © Markku Savela	500x735 (~84Kb) USA: Glacier Basin Path (near parking place), Mt. Rainier, Pierce Co., WA, 21.7.1999, Photo © Markku Savela	550x769 (~64Kb) USA: Glacier Basin Path (near parking place), Mt. Rainier, Pierce Co., WA, 21.7.1999, Photo © Markku Savela
600x800 (~74Kb) USA: Mima Mounds Natural Area Preserve, Thurston Co., WA, 28.6.2000, Photo © Markku Savela	600x722 (~64Kb) USA: Mima Mounds Natural Area Preserve, Thurston Co., WA, 28.6.2000, Photo © Markku Savela	900x647 (~71Kb) USA: FR 7174 to Corral Pass (47°01'04N 121°28'16W), Pierce Co., WA, 13.7.2000, Photo © Markku Savela
900x617 (~81Kb) USA: Corral Pass region (47°00'15N 121°29'02W ±1km), Pierce Co., WA, 18.7.2000, Photo © Markku Savela

The exact identification of these species is still unknown, but tentatively assumed to belong into this group.

Viola odorata L.

Tuoksuorvokki Sweet Violet English Violet Luktviol
Viola odorata, Bilder ur Nordens Flora (in Swedish) [RUNEBERG]
Viola odorata ; [RK, 158]; [SK, 406]; [GMBOT, 585]

Foodplant for Argynnis paphia dives, Argyreus hyperbius, Issoria lathonia, Sitochroa verticalis

Viola hirta L.

Karvaorvokki Mäkiorvokki Hairy Violet Buskviol
Viola hirta, Bilder ur Nordens Flora (in Swedish) [RUNEBERG]
Viola hirta ; [RK, 158]; [SK, 405]

531x902 (~68Kb) Estonia: Saaremaa, Kaarma, Loode tammik, 29.6.2006, Photo © Harri Arkkio

1109x832 (~161Kb) Estonia: Saaremaa, Kaarma, Loode tammik, 29.6.2006, Photo © Harri Arkkio

Foodplant for Clossiana euphrosyne

Viola collina Besser

Mäkiorvokki Bergviol
Viola collina ; [RK, 158]
Viola hirta collina ; [SK, 406]

854x761 (~94Kb) Finland: Vammala, Sammaljoki, 7.5.2006, Photo © Harri Arkkio

733x991 (~61Kb) Finland: Vammala, Sammaljoki, 7.5.2006, Photo © Harri Arkkio

1060x900 (~155Kb) Finland: Vammala, Sammaljoki, 7.5.2006, Photo © Harri Arkkio

Viola mirabilis L.

Lehto-orvokki Wonder Violet Underviol
Viola mirabilis ; [RK, 158]; [SK, 406]

Viola rupestris F.W. Schmidt

Hietaorvokki Teesdale Violet Sandviol
Viola arenaria DC.
Viola arenaria ; [GMBOT, 586]
Viola rupestris ; [RK, 158]; [SK, 407]

1168x941 (~182Kb) Finland: Vammala, Houhajärvi, 7.5.2006, Photo © Harri Arkkio

V. r. rupestris

Harjuhietaorvokki Sandviol
Viola rupestris arenaria (DC.); Hyl.
Viola rupestris rupestris ; [RK, 158]

1318x1000 (~153Kb) Finland, Valkeakoski, Saarioispuoli, 10.5.2005, Photo © Harri Arkkio

548x736 (~54Kb) Finland, Valkeakoski, Saarioispuoli, 10.5.2005, Photo © Harri Arkkio

V. r. rupestris var. rupestris

V. r. rupestris var. glaberrima (Murb.) Hyl.

Viola rupestris f. glaberrima Murb.
Viola rupestris f. glaberrima ; [SK, 407]

V. r. relicta Jalas

Pahtahietaorvokki Lappviol
Viola rupestris relicta ; [RK, 159]

Viola reichenbachiana Jordan ex Boreau

Pyökkiorvokki Early Dog-violet Lundviol
Viola reichenbachiana ; [RK, 159]

Viola riviniana Reichenb.

Metsäorvokki Common Dog-violet Common Violet Skogsviol
?Viola silvatica Fr.
?Viola silvatica f. nemorosa N. W. & M.
?Viola silvatica f. villosa N. W. & M.
Viola riviniana, Bilder ur Nordens Flora (in Swedish) [RUNEBERG]
Viola riviniana ; [RK, 159]
Viola silvatica ; [SK, 406]
Viola silvatica riviniana ; [SK, 407]
Viola silvatica f. nemorosa ; [SK, 407]
Viola silvatica f. villosa ; [SK, 407]

800x534 (~59Kb) Finland, Espoo, ?June 2002, Photo 21062002_13 © Timo Viitanen

1032x1035 (~189Kb) Finland, Hamina, Hevoshaka, 7.6.2005, Photo © Harri Arkkio

788x1020 (~165Kb) Finland, Ylöjärvi, Pikku-Ahvenisto, 29.5.2005, Photo © Harri Arkkio

Foodplant for Clossiana euphrosyne, C. selene, Fabriciana niobe, Speyeria alexandra

Viola riviniana × rupestris

Viola × burnatii Gremli
Viola riviniana × rupestris ; [RK, 159]

Viola canina × rupestris

Viola × braunii Borbás
Viola canina × rupestris ; [RKe, 51]

Viola canina L.

Aho-orvokki Heath Violet Heath Dog-violet Hundviol
Viola canina, Bilder ur Nordens Flora (in Swedish) [RUNEBERG]
Viola canina ; [RK, 159]; [SK, 406]

Foodplant for Argynnis paphia?, A. paphia dives, Camptogramma bilineatum, Clossiana selene, Fabriciana adippe, F. niobe, Issoria lathonia, Scopula immutata, Speyeria alexandra

V. c. canina L.

Pikkuaho-orvokki Ängsviol
Viola canina L.
Viola canina canina ; [RK, 160]

Foodplant as Viola canina for Argynnis paphia?, A. paphia dives, Camptogramma bilineatum, Clossiana selene, Fabriciana adippe, F. niobe, Issoria lathonia, Scopula immutata, Speyeria alexandra

V. c. montana (L.) Hartm.

Isoaho-orvokki Hundviol Norrlandsviol
Viola montana L.
Viola canina montana ; [RK, 160]
Viola canina var. montana ; [SK, 406]

500x702 (~40Kb) FINLAND: Ks: Kuusamo, 735:61, 9.7.1996, Photo © Markku Savela Viola caninca ssp. montana det. Tapio Lahtonen

863x1036 (~82Kb) Finland, Ylöjärvi, Ylä-Pinsiö, 29.5.2005, Photo © Harri Arkkio

662x734 (~42Kb) Finland, Ylöjärvi, Ylä-Pinsiö, 29.5.2005, Photo © Harri Arkkio

V. c. var. ericetorum (Schrad.) Rchb.

Viola canina var. ericetorum ; [SK, 406]

Viola canina × persicifolia

Viola canina × persicifolia ; [RK, 160]

Viola canina × riviniana

Viola × baltica W. Becker
Viola canina × riviniana ; [RK, 160]

Viola canina × uliginosa

Viola × klingeana Kupffer
Viola canina × uliginosa ; [RK, 160]

Viola persicifolia Schreber

Rantaorvokki Fen Violet Strandviol
Viola stagnina Kit.
Viola persicifolia ; [RK, 160]
Viola stagnina ; [SK, 406]

616x915 (~159Kb) Finland, Vesilahti, Mantereenjärvi, 6.6.2000, Photo © Harri Arkkio

Viola uliginosa Besser

Luhtaorvokki Sumpviol
Viola uliginosa ; [RK, 160]; [SK, 405]

Viola palustris L.

Suo-orvokki Marsh Violet Kärrviol
Viola palustris ; [RK, 161]; [SK, 405]; [GMBOT, 584]; [FPN, 297, 298]

400x713 (~29Kb) FINLAND, Ab: Suomusjärvi, 669:31, 31.5.1998 Photo © Markku Savela Viola palustris det. Tapio Lahtonen	600x630 (~27Kb) FINLAND, Ab: Suomusjärvi, 669:31, 31.5.1998 Photo © Markku Savela Viola palustris det. Tapio Lahtonen	500x654 (~54Kb) FINLAND: Li: Utsjoki, 775:50, 11.7.1996, Photo © Markku Savela Viola palustris det. Tapio Lahtonen
700x1038 (~127Kb) Finland, N: Helsinki, Vuosaari/Mustavuori, 1.6.2004, Photo © Markku Savela	identification uncertain 1100x861 (~207Kb) USA: West Fork of Miller River (~ 47.6°N 121.4°W), King Co., WA, 24.7.2005, Photo © Markku Savela Viola palustris? det. Stewart Wechsler	1099x833 (~126Kb) Finland: Valkeakoski, Iso Savijärvi, 29.5.2006, Photo © Harri Arkkio

Foodplant for Argynnis paphia?, Argyronome laodice, Clossiana euphrosyne, C. selene, Proclossiana eunomia eunomia, Speyeria mormonia erinna

Viola epipsila Ledeb.

Korpiorvokki Dwarf Marsh Violet Mossviol
Viola epipsila ; [RK, 161]; [RK, 405]

500x737 (~52Kb) FINLAND: Li: Utsjoki Ailigas, 775:50, 12.7.1996, Photo © Markku Savela Viola epipsila det. Tapio Lahtonen

Viola × ruprecthiana Borbás

Viitaorvokki
Viola epipsila × palustris
Viola × ruprecthiana ; [RK, 161]

Viola selkirkii Pursh ex Goldio

Kaiheorvokki Dalviol Skuggviol Great-spurred Violet
Viola umbrosa (Wahleenb.); Fr.
Viola selkirkii ; [RK, 161]
Viola umbrosa ; [SK, 405]
Viola Selkirkii ; [GMBOT, 584]

793x1006 (~120Kb) Finland: Valkeakoski, Iso Savijärvi, 29.5.2006, Photo © Harri Arkkio	1272x990 (~197Kb) Finland: Valkeakoski, Iso Savijärvi, 29.5.2006, Photo © Harri Arkkio	764x756 (~109Kb) Finland: Valkeakoski, Iso Savijärvi, 29.5.2006, Photo © Harri Arkkio
518x714 (~40Kb) Finland: Valkeakoski, Iso Savijärvi, 29.5.2006, Photo © Harri Arkkio

Foodplant for Clossiana iphigenia, C. thore

Viola biflora L.

Lapinorvokki Yellow Wood Violet Arctic Yellow Violet Fjällviol
Viola biflora, Bilder ur Nordens Flora (in Swedish) [RUNEBERG]
Viola biflora ; [RK, 161]; [SK, 407]

670x545 (~87Kb) FINLAND: Li: Utsjoki Kirkkotuvat, 775:50, 7.7.1997, Photo © Markku Savela

800x554 (~55Kb) FINLAND: Li: Utsjoki Kirkkotuvat, 775:50, 7.7.1997, Photo © Markku Savela

500x660 (~40Kb) FINLAND: Li: Utsjoki Ailigas, 775:50, 12.7.1996, Photo © Markku Savela

Viola tricolor L.

Keto-orvokki Wild Pansy Pansy Heart's Ease Styvmorsviol
Viola tricolor, Bilder ur Nordens Flora (in Swedish) [RUNEBERG]
Viola tricolor ; [RK, 161]; [RKe, 51]; [SK, 407]; [GMBOT, 587]

900x660 (~87Kb) FINLAND: N: Espoo, Tapiola 667:37, 14.5.2000, Photo © Markku Savela

Foodplant for Argynnis pandora, Argyreus hyperbius hyperbius, Fabriciana niobe, Heliothela wulfeniana, Issoria lathonia, Speyeria alexandra

V. t. var. tricolor

kallioketo-orvokki
Viola tricolor var. tricolor ; [RKe, 51]

465x594 (~34Kb) Finland, Nokia, Haavisto, 13.5.2005, Photo © Harri Arkkio	610x753 (~67Kb) Finland, Nokia, Haavisto, 13.5.2005, Photo © Harri Arkkio	736x1050 (~85Kb) Finland, Nokia, Haavisto, 13.5.2005, Photo © Harri Arkkio
769x981 (~88Kb) Finland, Nokia, Utolanmäki, 13.5.2005, Photo © Harri Arkkio	743x1009 (~122Kb) Finland, Tampere, Kaukajärvi, 16.6.2005, Photo © Harri Arkkio

V. t. var. maritima Hagen

dyyniketo-orvokki
?Viola tricolor ssp. curtisi (Forst.); Syme
?Viola tricolor var. maritima Schweigg.
Viola tricolor var. maritima ; [SK, 408]; [RKe, 51]

1052x761 (~196Kb) Estonia: Saaremaa, Kihelkonna, Kehila, 30.6.2006, Photo © Harri Arkkio

1064x981 (~167Kb) Estonia: Saaremaa, Kihelkonna, Kehila, 30.6.2006, Photo © Harri Arkkio

?V. t. var. genuina Wittr.

Viola tricolor var. genuina ; [SK, 407]

Viola × wittrockiana Gams ex Kappert

Tarhaorvokki Pensé
Viola × wittrockiana ; [RK, 161]

Viola arvensis Murray

Pelto-orvokki Field Pansy Field Violet Wild Pansy Cultivated Pansy Åkerviol
Viola tricolor ssp. arvensis (Myrray); Gauding
Viola arvensis, Bilder ur Nordens Flora (in Swedish) [RUNEBERG]
Viola arvensis ; [RK, 162]; [FPN, 296]
Viola tricolor arvensis ; [SK, 408]

500x816 (~40Kb) FINLAND: Ka: Virolahti, 671:53, 30.5.1998, Photo © Markku Savela

600x622 (~32Kb) FINLAND: Ka: Virolahti, 671:53, 30.5.1998, Photo © Markku Savela

678x1034 (~36Kb) Finland, Hamina, Kitula, 6.6.2005, Photo © Harri Arkkio

Foodplant for Issoria lathonia

Viola pumila

1123x965 (~192Kb) Estonia: Saaremaa, Lümanda, Atla, 30.6.2006, Photo © Harri Arkkio

Viola trinervata Howell

Sagebrush Violet 3-nerved Violet Rainier Violet
Viola trinervata ; [FPN, 296]

900x1191 (~120Kb) USA: Green Caynon (~ 47.17°N 120.64W), Kittitas Co., WA, 23.3.2005, Photo © Markku Savela

Viola adunca Sm.

Early Blue Violet Hook Violet
Viola adunca ; [FPN, 298]

identification uncertain 1100x730 (~165Kb) USA: West Fork of Miller River (~ 47.6°N 121.4°W), King Co., WA, 24.7.2005, Photo © Markku Savela Viola adunca? det. Stewart Wechsler

identification uncertain 800x1233 (~116Kb) USA: West Fork of Miller River (~ 47.6°N 121.4°W), King Co., WA, 24.7.2005, Photo © Markku Savela Viola adunca? det. Stewart Wechsler

Foodplant for Clossiana epithore, Speyeria atlantis?, S. egleis, S. mormonia?, S. zerene, S. zerene hippolyta

V. a. var. adunca

Viola adunca var. adunca ; [FPN, 299]

V. a. var. cascadensis (Baker) Hitchc.

Cascade Violet
Viola adunca var. cascadensis ; [FPN, 298]

V. a. var. bellidifolia (Greene) Harr.

Viola adunca var. bellidifolia ; [FPN, 299]

Foodplant for Speyeria mormonia erinna

V. a. var. uncinulata (Greene) Hitchc.

Viola adunca var. uncinulata ; [FPN, 299]

Viola glabella Nutt.

Stream Violet Pioneer Violet
Viola glabella ; [FPN, 299]

1400x1045 (~145Kb) USA: nr. Pigeon Springs Rd (~ 46°38N 122°38W), Lewis Co., WA, 23.3.2005, Photo © Markku Savela

Foodplant for Clossiana epithore, C. selene

Viola sempervirens Greene

Redwoods Violet Evergreen Violet
Viola sempervirens ; [FPN, 299]

1200x939 (~146Kb) USA: nr. Pigeon Springs Rd (~ 46°38N 122°38W), Lewis Co., WA, 23.3.2005, Photo © Markku Savela

1000x813 (~138Kb) USA: nr. Pigeon Springs Rd (~ 46°38N 122°38W), Lewis Co., WA, 23.3.2005, Photo © Markku Savela

Foodplant for Clossiana epithore

19.1.2007 (78)

References:

[BONAP]

A Synonymized Checklist of the Vascular Flora of the United States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands; A data base interface; BONAP U.S. Checklist - 1998; Provided by TAMU-BWG; Texas A & M Bioinformatics Working Group; Based on; Biota of North America Program

[DVF]

Den Virtuella floran; http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/welcome.html; Ett projekt vid Naturhistoriska riksmuseet (Stockholm, Sweden).; Even for non-Swedish speaker, the distribution maps on species are nice (map buttons "Norden" and "Norra halvklotet")

[FPN]

Hitchcock & Cronquist, 1998; Flora of the Pacific Northwest (11th ed.); ISBN 0-295-95273-3

[GMBOT]

Robinson, Benjamin L., Fernald, Merrit Lyndon, 1908; Gray's New Manual of Botany (7th edition); A Handbook of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of the Central and Northeastern United States and adjacent Canada; American Book Company

[Harri Arkkio]

Finland

[Oleg Kosterin]

Institue of Cytology & Genetics; Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk; e-mail: Oleg Kosterin; http://pisum.bionet.nsc.ru/kosterin/

[RK]

Hämet-Ahti, L., Suominen, J., Ulvinen, T. & Uotila, P. (eds), 1998; Retkeilykasvio (Field Flora of Finland); Ed. 4. 656 pp.; Finnish Museum of Natural History, Botanical Museum. Helsinki

[RKe]

Hämet-Ahti, L., Kurtto, A., Lampinen, R., Piirainen, M., Suominen, J., Ulvinen, T., Uotila, P., Väre, H., 2005; Lisäyksiä ja korjauksia Retkeilykasvion neljänteen painokseen; Lutukka 21: 41-85

[RUNEBERG]

Project Runeberg: Nordic literature online; Project Runeberg; Bilder ur Nordens Fauna (Carl Axel Magnus Lindman)

[SK]

Mela, A. J., Cajander, A. K., 1906; Suomen Kasvio; Viides painos

[Stewart Wechsler]

Ecological Consulting; West Seattle; 206 932-7225; e-mail: Stewart Wechsler

[Timo Viitanen]

http://www.kuvarkisto.com/

[USGS]

Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center; http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/index.htm

If you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to Markku Savela
Keep in mind that the taxononic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. Expert help is welcome.