Solidago

Life

Plants

Magnoliophyta

Magnoliophytina

Magnoliopsida

Asteraceae

	prev	next	Scientific names	Finnish names	English names
All	Grindelia	Bellis	Solidago	Piiskut	(solidago)
	Eupatorium	Bellis	Solidago	Piiskut
Photo	Grindelia	Aster			(solidago)
Goto:

Solidago L.: Piiskut Golden-rod
Solidago, Biota of North America Program (query database) [BONAP]
Solidago, Den Virtuella Floran [DVF]
Solidago (Asteraceae) ; [GNSP]

Foodplants for Aethes sexdentata, Anania funebris, Chloroclystis v-ata, Cochylidia implicitana, C. subroseana, Cochylis dubitana, C. epilinana, C. roseana, Coleophora amellivora, Ctenoplusia albostriata, C. oxygramma, Eucosma mandana, Eupithecia virgaureata, Eupoecilia angustana, Eupsilia fringata, Fishia yosemitae, Hahncappsia marculenta, Lacinipolia umbrosa, Leuconycta diphteroides, Mutuuraia terrealis, Opsibotys fuscalis, Paratalanta pandalis, Phalonidia gilvicomana, Phycitodes albatella, Thalera fimbrialis

500x741 (~61Kb) France, Sophia Antipolis, 5.10.2000, Photo © Markku Savela	500x795 (~99Kb) USA: Dry Falls / Sun Lakes State Park, Grant Co., WA, 9.7.2000, Photo © Markku Savela	600x867 (~77Kb) USA: Dry Falls / Sun Lakes State Park, Grant Co., WA, 9.7.2000, Photo © Markku Savela
600x866 (~89Kb) USA: Corral Pass region (47°00'15N 121°29'02W ±1km), Pierce Co., WA, 18.7.2000, Photo © Markku Savela	700x1021 (~75Kb) USA: Corral Pass region (47°00'15N 121°29'02W ±1km), Pierce Co., WA, 18.7.2000, Photo © Markku Savela	700x1022 (~108Kb) USA: Corral Pass region (47°00'15N 121°29'02W ±1km), Pierce Co., WA, 18.7.2000, Photo © Markku Savela

The exact identification of these species is still unknown, but tentatively assumed to belong into this group.

Solidago virgaurea L.

Kultapiisku Goldenrod Gullris
Solidago virgaurea, Bilder ur Nordens Flora (in Swedish) [RUNEBERG]
Solidago virgaurea ; [RK, 407]; [SK, 564]

600x928 (~110Kb) FINLAND: EH: Jokioinen, 674:31, 11.8.1996, Photo © Hannele Aulin

Foodplant for Autographa pulchrina, Cochylidia heydeniana, Coleophora obscenella, C. ramosella, Cucullia asteris, C. gnaphalii, Ematurga atomaria, Eupithecia absinthiata, E. centaureata, E. expallidata, E. groenblomi, E. satyrata, E. subfuscata, E. vulgata, Gnorimoschema epithymella, G. valesiella, Hellinsia chrysocomae, H. osteodactyla, H. pectodactylus, H. tephradactyla, Lacanobia oleracea, Lythria rotaria, Melanchra persicariae, Mniotype adusta, M. bathensis, Phalonidia curvistrigana, Platyptilia calodactyla, Polypogon tentacularius, Siona lineata, Syngrapha hochenwarthi

S. v. virgaurea

Metsakultapiisku Gullris
Solidago virgaurea virgaurea ; [RK, 408]

S. v. minuta (L.) Arcang.

Pohjankultapiisku Lappgullris
Solidago virgaurea var. subglabra Neuman
Solidago virgaurea f. arctica R. W. Hartm.
Solidago lapponica With.
Solidago virgaurea f. arctica ; [SK, 564]
Solidago virgaurea minuta ; [RK, 408]

identification uncertain 450x570 (~31Kb) FINLAND: KiL: Muonio, Kangosjärvi, 17.7.1997, Photo © Hannele Aulin
Solidago virgaurea ssp. minuta? det. Hannele Aulin

666x1069 (~104Kb) Finland, Kilpisjärvi, 25.7.2004, Photo © Harri Arkkio

?S. v. f. litoralis Fr.

Solidago virgaurea f. litoralis ; [SK, 564]

Solidago canadensis L.

Kanadanpiisku Canadian Goldenrod Meadow Goldenrod Kanadensiskt gullris
Solidago canadensis var. glabrata Porter
Solidago canadensis ; [RK, 408]; [GMBOT, 795]

734x979 (~195Kb) Finland: Tampere, Tarastenjärvi, 3.9.2006, Photo © Harri Arkkio

Foodplant for Eupithecia absinthiata

S. c. var. subserrata (DC.)

Solidago canadensis var. subserrata ; [FPN, 550]

S. c. var. gilvocanescens Rydb.

Solidago canadensis var. gilvocanescens ; [GMBOT, 795]; [FPN, 550]

S. c. var. salebrosa (Piper) Jones

Solidago canadensis var. salebrosa ; [FPN, 550]

Solidago altissima L.

Korkeapiisku Tall Golden-rod
Solidago canadensis var. scabra Torr. & A. Gray
Solidago altissima ; [RK, 408]; [GMBOT, 796]

S. a. var. procera (Ait.) Fernald

Solidago procera Ait.
Solidago canadensis var. procera (Ait.); T. & G.
Solidago altissima var. procera ; [GMBOT, 796]

Solidago gigantea Aiton

Smooth Goldenrod Late Goldenrod Early Golden-rod?
?Solidago serotina var. gigantea (Aiton); Gray
Solidago gigantea, Aquatic and Wetland Vascular Plants of the Northern Great Plains [USGS]
Solidago gigantea ; [FPN, 550]
?Solidago serotina var. gigantea ; [GMBOT, 796]

S. g. serotina (Kuntze) Mcneill

Isopiisku Höstgullris
Solidago gigantea var. serotina (Kuntze); Cronq.
Solidago serotina Kuntze
Solidago serotina ?Ait.
Solidago gigantea var. serotina ; Cronq., [FPN, 550]
Solidago gigantea serotina ; [RK, 408]
Solidago serotina Ait.; [GMBOT, 796]

Solidago squarrosa Muhl.

Stout Goldenrod
Solidago squarrosa ; [GMBOT, 788]

Solidago petiolaris Ait.

Downy ragged Goldenrod
Solidago petiolaris ; [GMBOT, 788]

S. p. var. angusta (Torr. & Gray) Gray

Solidago lindheimeriana Scheele
Solidago petiolaris var. wardii (Britton); Fernald
Solidago wardii Britton
Solidago petiolaris var. angusta ; [BONAP]
Solidago Lindheimeriana ; [GMBOT, 789]
Solidago petiolaris var. wardii ; [GMBOT, 788]

Solidago caesia L.

Wreath Goldenrod
Solidago caesia ; [GMBOT, 788]

S. c. var. axilaris (Pursh) Gray

Solidago caesia var. axilaris ; [GMBOT, 788]

S. c. var. paniculata Gray

Solidago caesia var. paniculata ; [GMBOT, 789]

S. c. var. curtisii (Torr. & Gray) Wood

Solidago curtisii T. & G.
Solidago curtisii var. pubens (M. A. Curtis); Gray
Solidago monticola T. & G.
Solidago caesia var. curtisii ; [BONAP]
Solidago Curtisii ; [GMBOT, 789]
Solidago curtisii var. pubens ; [GMBOT, 789]
Solidago monticola ; [GMBOT, 789]

Solidago roanensis Porter

Roan Mountain Goldenrod
Solidago maxonii Pollard
Solidago roanensis var. monticola (Torr. & Gray); Fern.
Solidago roanensis ; [BONAP]

Solidago flexicaulis L.

Zigzag Goldenrod
Solidago latifolia L.
Solidago flexicaulis ; [BONAP]
Solidago latifolia ; [GMBOT, 789]

Solidago bicolor L.

White Goldenrod
Solidago bicolor ; [GMBOT, 789]

Solidago hispida Muhl.

Hairy Goldenrod
Solidago bicolor var. concolor T. & G.
Solidago hispida ; [GMBOT, 789]

Solidago macrophylla Pursh.

Large-leaf Goldenrod
Solidago macrophylla ; [GMBOT, 790]

S. m. var. thyrsoidea (Mey.) Fernald

Solidago macrophylla var. thyrsoidea ; [GMBOT, 790]

Solidago calcicola Fernald

Limestone Goldenrod
Solidago calcicola ; [GMBOT, 790]

Solidago cutleri Fernald

Solidago virgaurea var. alpina Bigel
?Solidago alpina of auth.
Solidago Cutleri ; [GMBOT, 790]

Solidago puberula Nutt.

Downy Goldenrod
Solidago puberula ; [GMBOT, 791]

S. p. var. pulverulenta (Nutt.) Chapman

Solidago puberula var. pulverulenta ; [BONAP]

Solidago stricta Ait.

Wand Goldenrod
Solidago stricta ; [GMBOT, 791]

Solidago uliginosa Nutt.

Bog Goldenrod
Solidago uliginosa ; [GMBOT, 791]

S. u. var. levipes (Fern.) Fern.

Solidago uniligulata var. levipes Fern.
Solidago uliginosa var. levipes ; [BONAP]

S. u. var. linoides (Torr. & Gray) Fern.

?Solidago neglecta var. linoides Gray
Solidago chrysolepis Fern.
Solidago farwellii Fern.

Solidago purshii Porter
Solidago uliginosa var. peracuta (Fern.); Friesner

Solidago uliginosa var. linoides ; [BONAP]

S. u. var. terrae-novae (Torr. & Gray) Fern.

Solidago uliginosa var. terrae-novae ; [BONAP]

S. u. var. uliginosa

Solidago neglecta Torr. & Gray
Solidago uliginosa var. neglecta (Torr. & Gray); Fern.
Solidago uniligulata (DC.); Porter
Solidago uliginosa var. uliginosa ; [BONAP]
Solidago neglecta ; [GMBOT, 793]
Solidago uniligulata ; [GMBOT, 793]

Solidago speciosa Nutt.

Showy Goldenrod
Solidago speciosa ; [GMBOT, 792]

S. s. var. angustata T. & G.

Solidago ridiuscula Porter
Solidago speciosa var. angustata ; [GMBOT, 792]

S. s. var. erecta (Pursh) MacM.

Solidago erecta Pursh.
Solidago speciosa var. erecta ; [BONAP]
Solidago erecta ; [GMBOT, 789]

Solidago sempervirens L.

Seaside Goldenrod
Solidago sempervirens ; [GMBOT, 792]

Foodplant for Papaipema duovata

Solidago patula Muhl.

Round-leaf Goldenrod
Solidago patula ; [GMBOT, 792]

Solidago arguta Ait.

Atlantic Goldenrod
Solidago arguta ; [GMBOT, 792]

S. a. var. arguta

Solidago tarda Mackenzie

S. a. var. boottii (Hook.) Palmer & Steyermark

Solidago boottii Hook.
Solidago arguta var. boottii ; [BONAP]
Solidago Boottii ; [GMBOT, 792]

Solidago juncea Ait.

Early Goldenrod
Solidago juncea ; [GMBOT, 793]

S. j. var. scabrella (T. & G.) Gray

Solidago juncea var. scabrella ; [GMBOT, 793]

S. j. var. ramosa Porter & Britton

Solidago juncea var. ramosa ; [GMBOT, 793]

Solidago odora Ait.

Sweet Golden-rod Anise-scented Goldenrod
Solidago odora ; [GMBOT, 793]

S. o. var. odora

Solidago suaveolensis Schoepf
Solidago odora var. odora ; [BONAP]

S. o. var. chapmanii (Gray) Cronq.

Solidago chapmanii Torr & Gray
Solidago odora var. chapmanii ; [BONAP]

Solidago tortifolia Ell.

Twist-leaf Goldenrod
Solidago tortifolia ; [GMBOT, 793]

Solidago fistulosa Mill.

Pine-barren Goldenrod
Solidago fistulosa ; [GMBOT, 793]

Solidago latissimifolia P. Mill

Elliot's Goldenrod

Solidago edisoniana Mackenzie
Solidago elliottii Torr. & Gray
Solidago elliottii var. ascendens Fern.
Solidago elliottii var. edisoniana (Mackenzie); Fern.

Solidago elliottii var. pedicellata Fern.
Solidago elliptica Ait.
Solidago mirabilis Small

Solidago latissimifolia ; [BONAP]
Solidago Elliottii ; [GMBOT, 794]

Solidago ulmifolia Muhl.

Elm-leaf Goldenrod
Solidago ulmifolia ; [GMBOT, 794]

Solidago rugosa Mill

Wrinkle-leaf Goldenrod
Solidago rugosa ; [GMBOT, 794]

S. r. ssp. aspera (Ait.) Cronq.

Solidago aspera Ait.
Solidago drummondii T. & G.
Solidago rugosa ssp. aspera ; [BONAP]
Solidago aspera ; [GMBOT, 794]
Solidago Drummondii ; [GMBOT, 796]

S. r. ssp. aspera var. villosa (Pursh) Fern.

Solidago rugosa var. villosa (Pursh.); Fernald
Solidago rugosa ssp. aspera var. villosa ; [BONAP]

Solidago × asperula Desf.

Solidago sempervirens × rugosa
Solidago × asperula ; [GMBOT, 794]

Solidago missouriensis Nutt.

Missouri Goldenrod
Solidago missouriensis ; [GMBOT, 794]; [FPN, 550]

Foodplant for Eupsilia devia

S. m. var. missouriensis

Solidago missouriensis var. missouriensis ; [FPN, 550]

S. m. var. fasciculata Holz.

Solidago missouriensis var. fasciculata ; [FPN, 550]

S. m. var. tolmieana (Gray) Cronq.

Solidago missouriensis var. tolmieana ; [FPN, 550]

S. m. var. extraria Gray

Solidago missouriensis var. extraria ; [FPN, 550]

Solidago gattingeri Chapm.

Gattinger's Goldenrod
Solidago Gattingeri ; [GMBOT, 795]

Solidago shortii Torr. & Gray

Short's Goldenrod
Solidago Shortii ; [GMBOT, 795]

Solidago nana Nutt.

Low Goldenrod Baby Goldenrod
Solidago nana ; [FPN, 551]

Solidago multiradiata Ait.

Northern Goldenrod
Solidago multiradiata ; [FPN, 551]

Foodplant for Chlosyne whitneyi damoetas

S. m. var. scopulorum Gray

Solidago multiradiata var. scopulorum ; [FPN, 551]

Solidago spathulata DC.

Dune Goldenrod
Solidago spathulata ; [FPN, 551]

S. s. var. spathulata

Solidago simplex ssp. simplex var. spathulata (DC.); Cronq.
Solidago spathulata var. spathulata ; [FPN, 551]
Solidago simplex ssp. simplex var. spathulata ; Cronq., [BONAP]

S. s. var. nana (Gray) Cronq.

Solidago simplex ssp. simplex var. nana (Gray); Ringius
Solidago bellidifolia Greene
Solidago decumbens Greene
Solidago decumbens var. oreophila (Rydb.); Fern.

Solidago glutinosa var. nana (Gray); Cronq.
Solidago oreophila Rydb.
Solidago spathulata var. nana (Gray); Cronq.

Solidago spathulata var. nana ; [FPN, 551]
Solidago simplex ssp. simplex var. nana ; Ringius, [BONAP]
Solidago decumbens ; [GMBOT, 791]

S. s. var. neomexicana (Gray) Cronq.

Solidago glutinosa Nutt.
Solidago neomexicana (Gray); Woot. & Standl.

Solidago spathulata ssp. glutinosa (Nutt.); Keck
Solidago spathulata var. neomexicana (Gray); Cronq.

Solidago spathulata var. neomexicana ; [FPN, 551]

Solidago simplex Kunth

Mt. Albert Goldenrod

The relation between simplex and spathulata is confused here. Need some better source to sort this mess out... -- msa

S. s. ssp. randii (Porter) Ringius

Solidago simplex ssp. randii ; [BONAP]

S. s. ssp. randii var. randii (Porter) Kartesz & Gandhi

Solidago glutinosa ssp. randii (Porter); Cronq.
Solidago randii (Porter); Britt.
Solidago spathulata ssp. randii (Porter); Gleason

?Solidago virgaurea var. randii Porter
?Solidago virgaurea var. redfieldii Porter

Solidago Randii ; [GMBOT, 790]

S. s. ssp. randii var. gillmanii (Gray) Ringius

Solidago gillmanii (Gray); Steele
Solidago glutinosa var. gillmanii (Gray); Cronq.
Solidago racemosa var. gillmanii (Gray); Fern.

Solidago spathulata var. gillmanii (Gray); Gleason
?Solidago humulis var. gillmani Gray
?Solidago virgaurea var. gillmani (Gray); Porter

Solidago simplex ssp. randii var. gillmanii ; [BONAP]
Solidago racemosa var. Gillmani ; [GMBOT, 791]

S. s. ssp. randii var. monticola (Porter) Ringius

Solidago randii var. monticola (Porter); Fernald
Solidago virgaurea var. monticola Porter
Solidago virgaurea var. deanei Porter
Solidago simplex ssp. randii var. monticola ; [BONAP]
Solidago randii var. monticola ; [GMBOT, 791]

S. s. ssp. randii var. ontarioensis (Ringius) Ringius

Solidago glutinosa var. ontarioensis Ringius
Solidago simplex ssp. randii var. ontarioensis ; [BONAP]

S. s. ssp. randii var. racemosa (Greene) Ringius

Solidago glutinosa var. racemosa (Greene); Cronq.
Solidago racemosa Greene
Solidago spathulata var. racemosa (Greene); Gleason
Solidago simplex ssp. randii var. racemosa ; [BONAP]
Solidago racemosa ; [GMBOT, 791]

S. s. ssp. simplex

Solidago simplex ssp. simplex ; [BONAP]
Solidago simplex ssp. simplex var. simplex ; [BONAP]

Solidago nemoralis Ait.

Gray Goldenrod Field Goldenrod
Solidago nemoralis ; [GMBOT, 795]; [FPN, 551]

S. n. var. longipetiolata (Mack. & Bush) Palmer & Steyerm.

Solidago nemoralis var. longipetiolata ; [FPN, 551]

Solidago mollis Bartl.

Velvety Goldenrod Velvet Goldenrod
Solidago nemoralis var. incana Gray
Solidago mollis ; [GMBOT, 795]; [FPN, 550]

Solidago radula Nutt.

Western Rough Goldenrod
Solidago radula ; [GMBOT, 795]

Solidago rupestris Raf.

Rock Goldenrod
Solidago canadensis var. rupestris (Raf.); Porter
Solidago rupestris ; [GMBOT, 796]

Solidago rigida L.

Stiff Goldenrod Hard-leaved Goldenrod
Oligoneuron rigidum (L.); Small.
Solidago rigida ; [GMBOT, 796]; [FPN, 551]
Oligoneuron rigidum ; Small., [BONAP]

Foodplant for Tricholita notata

S. r. var. humilis Porter

Oligoneuron rigidum var. humile (Porter); Nelson
Solidago rigida var. humilis ; [FPN, 551]
Oligoneuron rigidum var. humile ; Nelson, [BONAP]

Solidago ohioensis Frank ex Riddell

Oligoneuron ohioense (Frank ex Riddell); Jones
Solidago ohioensis ; [GMBOT, 796]
Oligoneuron ohioense ; Jones, [BONAP]

Solidago riddelii Frank ex Riddell

Oligoneuron riddellii (Frank ex Riddell); Rydb.
Solidago Riddelii ; [GMBOT, 797]
Oligoneuron riddellii ; Rydb., [BONAP]

Solidago houghtonii T. & G.

Solidago Houghtonii ; [GMBOT, 797]

The Euthamia Nutt. species-group

Solidago occidentalis (Nutt.) T. & G.

Western Goldenrod Western Goldentop
Solidago occidentalis ; [FPN, 549]
Euthamia occidentalis Nutt.; [BONAP]

Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb.

Bushy Goldenrod Fragrant Goldenrod Flat-top Goldentop
Euthamia graminifolia (L.); Nutt.
Euthamia graminifolia, Aquatic and Wetland Vascular Plants of the Northern Great Plains [USGS]
Solidago graminifolia ; [GMBOT, 797]; [FPN, 549]

S. g. var. major (Michx.) Fern.

Solidago graminifolia var. major ; [FPN, 549]

S. g. var. nuttallii (Greene) Fernald

Euthamia floribunda Greene
Euthamia nuttallii Greene
Solidago graminifolia var. nuttallii (Greene); Fern.
Solidago graminifolia var. polycephala (Fern.); Fern.

Solidago hirtella (Greene); Bush
Solidago nuttallii (Greene); Bush
Solidago polycephala Fern.

Solidago graminifolia var. nuttallii ; [GMBOT, 797]
Solidago polycephala ; [GMBOT, 797]

Solidago tenuifolia Pursh.

Slender Goldentop
Euthamia tenuifolia (Pursh.); Greene
Solidago tenuifolia ; [GMBOT, 797]

S. t. var. tenuifolia

Euthamia caroliniana (L.); Greene ex Porter & Britt.
Euthamia microcephala Greene
Euthamia microphylla Greene
Euthamia minor (Michx.); Greene
Euthamia remota Greene
Solidago caroliniana B.S.P.

Solidago microcephala (Greene); Bush
Solidago microphylla (Greene); Bush
Solidago minor (Michx.); Fern.
Solidago remota (Greene); Friesner
Solidago tenuifolia Pursh

Euthamia tenuifolia var. tenuifolia ; [BONAP]
Solidago minor ; [GMBOT, 797]

S. t. var. pycnocephala Fern.

Euthamia tenuifolia var. pycnocephala (Fern.); C. & J. Taylor
Euthamia galetorum Greene
Euthamia graminifolia var. galetorum (Greene); Friesner

Solidago galetorum (Greene); Friesner
Solidago graminifolia var. galetorum (Greene); House

Euthamia tenuifolia var. pycnocephala ; C. & J. Taylor, [BONAP]

Solidago leptocephala T. & G.

Bushy Goldentop
Euthamia leptocephala (T. & G.); Greene
Solidago leptocephala ; [GMBOT, 798]

Solidago gymnospermoides (Greene) Fernald

Texas Goldentop

Euthamia gymnospermoides Greene
Euthamia camporum Greene
Euthamia chrysothamnoides Greene
Euthamia glutinosa Rydb.
Euthamia media Greene
Euthamia pulverulenta Greene
Solidago camporum (Greene); Nels.
Solidago chrysothamnoides (Greene); Bush

Solidago graminifolia var. gymnospermoides (Greene); Croat
Solidago graminifolia var. media (Greene); Harris
Solidago gymnospermoides (Greene); Fern.
Solidago gymnospermoides var. callosa Harris
Solidago media (Greene); Bush
Solidago moseleyi Fern.
Solidago perglabra Friesner
Solidago texensis Friesner

Solidago gymnospermoides ; [GMBOT, 798]
Solidago Moseleyi ; [GMBOT, 798]

27.4.2002 (48)

References:

[BONAP]: A Synonymized Checklist of the Vascular Flora of the United States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands; A data base interface; BONAP U.S. Checklist - 1998; Provided by TAMU-BWG; Texas A & M Bioinformatics Working Group; Based on; Biota of North America Program
[DVF]: Den Virtuella floran; http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/welcome.html; Ett projekt vid Naturhistoriska riksmuseet (Stockholm, Sweden).; Even for non-Swedish speaker, the distribution maps on species are nice (map buttons "Norden" and "Norra halvklotet")
[FPN]: Hitchcock & Cronquist, 1998; Flora of the Pacific Northwest (11th ed.); ISBN 0-295-95273-3
[GMBOT]: Robinson, Benjamin L., Fernald, Merrit Lyndon, 1908; Gray's New Manual of Botany (7th edition); A Handbook of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of the Central and Northeastern United States and adjacent Canada; American Book Company
[GNSP]: Wielgorskaya, 1995; Dictionary of generic names of seed plants
[Harri Arkkio]: Finland
[RK]: Hämet-Ahti, L., Suominen, J., Ulvinen, T. & Uotila, P. (eds), 1998; Retkeilykasvio (Field Flora of Finland); Ed. 4. 656 pp.; Finnish Museum of Natural History, Botanical Museum. Helsinki
[RUNEBERG]: Project Runeberg: Nordic literature online; Project Runeberg; Bilder ur Nordens Fauna (Carl Axel Magnus Lindman)
[SK]: Mela, A. J., Cajander, A. K., 1906; Suomen Kasvio; Viides painos
[USGS]: Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center; http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/index.htm

If you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to Markku Savela
Keep in mind that the taxononic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. Expert help is welcome.