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Tirumala Moore, [1880]
Blue Tigers
Tirumala Moore, [1880]; Lepid. Ceylon 1 (1): 4, TS: Papilio limniace Cramer
Melinda Moore, 1883; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 (2): 229 (preocc. Melinda Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), TS: Danais formosa Godman
Elsa Honrath, 1892; Berl. ent. Z. 36 (2): 436, TS: Elsa morgeni Honrath
Tirumala, NSG Voucher Specimen [Wahlberg]
 Tirumala (Danaina) ; [Wahlberg]; [AfrL]

[sp-1v.jpg] 769x514 (~119Kb) underside Thailand, Krabi 24.12.2003-7.1.2004, Photo © Olli Vesikko
Tirumala sp. det. Kari Nissinen

The exact identification of this species is still unknown, but tentatively assumed to belong into this group.


Tirumala formosa (Godman, 1880)
Cameroon, Adamawa - Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania. See [About maps] Forest Monarch Beautiful Tiger
Danais formosa Godman, 1880; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1880: 183, pl. 19, f. 1, TL: Tanzania
yala Stoneham, 1958²
Danaus formosa ; [EBW]; [BOW: pl. 1100, f. 15]
Tirumala formosa ; [MWB: 196, pl. 13, f. 77-78]; [BK: 258, f. 27, f. 387]; [AfrL]

Larva on Secamone micrandra, S. platystigma, S. punctulosa, S. zambesiaca, Cryptolepis sp., Periploca linearifolia [MWB]

T. f. formosa
E.Kenya (E of Rift Valley), NE.Tanzania Danais formosa formosa
Danais formosa formosa ; [BAFR, 153]
Tirumala formosa formosa ; [AfrL]
T. f. mercedonia (Karsch, 1894)
W.Kenya (W of Rift Valley), Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, NW.Tanzania Danaus mercedonia ; [BOW: pl. 110, f. 18]
Danaus formosa mercedonia ; [BAFR, 153]
Tirumala formosa mercedonia ; [AfrL]
T. f. morgeni (Honrath, 1892)
Cameroun Elsa morgeni Honrath, 1892; Berl. ent. Z. 36 (2): 436-437, pl. 15, f. 5
Danaus morgeni ; [BOW: pl. 110, f. 18 (text only)]
Danaus formosa morgeni ; [BAFR, 153]
Tirumala formosa morgeni ; [AfrL]
T. f. neumanni (Rothschild, 1902)
Ethiopia Danaus formosa neumanni ; [BAFR, 153 (text)]
Tirumala formosa neumanni ; [AfrL]
Tirumala petiverana (Doubleday, [1847])
Tropical Africa. See [About maps] African Blue Tiger
Danais limniace var. petiverana Doubleday, [1847]; Gen. diurn. Lep. (1): 93, pl. 12, f. 1, TL: [? West ] Africa
leonora (Butler, 1866)
phrynichus Fruhstorfer, 1910²
septentrionides Stoneham, 1958²
Danaus petiverana ; [BAFR, 152]
Tirumala petiverana ; [MWB: 196, pl. 13, f. 79]; [BK: 257, pl. 27, f. 386]; [AfrL]

Larva on Pergularia extensa [PBSA], Daemia sp., Hoya sp., Marsdenia rubicunda, P. daemia [MWB]

Tirumala gautama (Moore, 1877)
Burma, Thailand, Laos, S.Vietnam, Hainan. See [About maps] Scarce Blue Tiger
Danais gautama Moore, 1877; Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 20 (115): 43, TL: Rangoon, Burma
Tirumala gautama gautama, Butterflies in Indo-China [Yutaka Inayoshi]
 Danaus gautama ; [BOW: pl. 153, f. 15]
Tirumala gautama ; [BOR, 206]; [MWB: 197, pl. 13, f. 80]; [MRS, 273]

Larva on Cynanchum spp. [MRS]

T. g. gautama
Mergui Archipelago, Langkawi, (S.Burma) Tirumala gautama gautama ; [BOR, 206]
T. g. gautamoides Doherty, 1886²
Nicobars Tirumala gautama gautamoides ; [BOR, 206]
Tirumala euploeomorpha (Howarth, Kawazoé & Sibatani, 1976)
Solomon Islands (Santa Ana, San Cristobal). See [About maps] Danaus euploeomorpha Howarth, Kawazoé & Sibatani, 1976; Butterflies and Moths, 27: 131, f. 1-6, TL: Solomon Islands, Santa Ana
Tirumala euploeomorhpa ; [MWB: 197, pl. 14, f. 81-82, pl. VII, f. 60]
Tirumala choaspes (Butler, 1866)
Sula Islands. See [About maps] Danais choaspes Butler, 1866; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1866 (1): 52, TL: S.Sulawesi, Makasar
choaspina Fruhstorfer, 1911²
Danaus choaspes ; [EBW]; [BOW: pl. 153, f. 12]
Tirumala choaspes ; [BOR, 206]; [MWB: 198, pl. 14, f. 83, pl. VII, f. 55, pl. X, f. 126]
T. c. choaspes
Sulawesi Tirumala choaspes choaspes ; [BOR, 206]
T. c. kroeseni Martin, 1910²
Butung Tirumala choaspes kroeseni ; [BOR, 206]
T. c. oxynthas Fruhstorfer, 1911²
Sulu Is. Tirumala choaspes oxynthas ; [BOR, 206]
T. c. tumanana Semper, 1886²
Philippines (Tumanao I, SE.Mindanao) Tirumala choaspes tumanana ; [BOR, 206]
Tirumala limniace tumanana ; Morishita, 1981, in Tsukada, Butterflies of the south-east Asian islands 2: 462, pl. 94, f. 15-17
T. c. kalawara Martin, 1913²
Palau group Tirumala choaspes kalawara ; [BOR, 206]
Tirumala limniace (Cramer, [1775])
Afghanistan - India, Ceylon, Kashmir - China, Burma, Hong Kong. See [About maps] Blue Tiger
Papilio limniace Cramer, [1775]; Uitl. Kapellen 1 (1-7): 92, pl. 59, f. D, E, TL: China
disjuncta Dufrane, 1948²
fruhstorferi van Eecke, 1915²
ino (Butler, 1871)
joannisi Dufrane, 1948²
koshunensis Sonan, 1931²
kuchingana Moulton, 1915²
kurarensis Sonan, 1931²
moaria Fruhstorfer, 1911²
Tirumala limniace limniace, Butterflies in Indo-China [Yutaka Inayoshi]
 Danaus limniace ; [EBW]; [BOW: pl. 153, f. 19]
Tirumala limniace ; [BOR, 204]; [MWB: 198, pl. 14, f. 84, pl. IX, f. 88, pl. X, f. 124]; [MRS, 272]

Larva on Asclepias, Calotropis, Hoya, Heterostemma, Marsdenia [BHR], Dregea volubilis, Heterostemma cuspidatum, Hoya viridiflora, Marsdenia tenacissima, Crotalaria sp.?, Epibaterium sp. [MWB]

T. l. limniace
S.China, Indo-China, Hainan, Taiwan Danaida limniace mutina Ormiston, 1918; Spolia Zeylanica: 4, TL: Ceylon
Tirumala limniace limniace ; [BOR, 205]

Larva on Dregea formosana, Heterostemma brownii, Asclepias spp., Calotropis spp., Dregea volubilis, Heerostemma cuspidatum, Hoya spp., Hoya viridiflora, Marsdenia tenacissima, Crotalaria retusa [MRS]

T. l. leopardus (Butler, 1866)
Ceylon, India - S.Burma Danais limniace var. leopardus Butler, 1866; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1866 (1): 52, TL: N.India
Tirumala limniace leopardus ; [BOR, 205]
T. l. conjuncta Moore, 1883²
Java, Bali, Kangean, Bawean, Lesser Sunda Is. ?donia Fruhstorfer, 1897²
Tirumala limniace conjuncta ; [BOR, 205]
T. l. bentenga Martin, 1910²
Selajar Tirumala limniace bentenga ; [BOR, 205]
T. l. makassara Martin, 1910²
S.Sulawesi Tirumala limniace makassara ; [BOR, 205]
T. l. orestilla Fruhstorfer, 1910²
Philippines (Luzon) Tirumala limniace orestilla ; [BOR, 205]
T. l. vaneeckeni Bryk, 1937²
Timor, Wetar Danaus limniace vaneeckeni ; [BAUR, 172 (text)]
T. l. exotica (Gmelin, 1790)
Papilio exoticus Gmelin, [1790]; in Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (edn 13) 1 (5): 2289, no. 886, TL: Ceylon
Tirumala limniace exotica ; [BMP: 105, pl. 11, f. 10]
Tirumala limniace exoticus ; Torben B. Larsen
Tirumala septentrionis (Butler, 1874)
India, Ceylon, W.China. See [About maps] Dark Blue Tiger
Danais septentrionis Butler, 1874; Ent. mon. Mag. 11 (7): 163, TL: Nepal
addenda Dufrane, 1948²
emona Fruhstorfer, 1911²
jacouleti Nakahara, 1941²
julia Hulstaert, 1931²
mistella Swinhoe, 1915²
nocturalis Murayama, 1958²
palawana Fruhstorfer, 1899²; [BOR, (Palawan)]
pandora Corbet, 1942²
rufiventris Fruhstorfer, 1899²
suanetes Fruhstorfer, 1911²
Tirumala septentrionis septentrionis, Butterflies in Indo-China [Yutaka Inayoshi]
 Danaida melissa ; Fruhstorfer, 1910, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9 : 202 (20 May, 1910), pl. 78 a (in part)
Danaus melissa ; Forbes, 1939, Ent. Am. (N.S.) 19: 129 (in part)
Danaus septentrionis ; [BOW: pl. 153, f. 7]
Tirumala septentrionis ; [BOR, 205]; [MWB: 199, pl. 14, f. 85]; [MRS, 273]

Larva on Asclepiadaceae [EOB], Vallaris dichotoma, Parsonsia spp., Dregea volubilis, Heterostemma brownii, Cocculus spp., Tylophora spp. [MRS]

T. s. septentrionis
N.India - Peninsular Malaya, Langkawi, Singapore, Thailand, Indo-China, S.China, Taiwan Tirumala septentrionis septentrionis ; [BOR, 205]; [BMP: 105, pl. 11, f. 8]
[septentrionis_septentrionis-1mu.jpg] 1078x914 (~133Kb) upperside male Thailand, Chon Buri Province, Pattaya, a small wood at a grassy swamp at the Jomtien beach, between B.O. Guesthouse and Jomtien Metro Condotel, 2nd January, 2006, Photo © Oleg Kosterin [septentrionis_septentrionis-2mav.jpg] 1014x849 (~101Kb) underside male hailand, Chon Buri Province, Pattaya, Ko Khram Island, Saikaew beach, a side of a road through shrubbery along the coast, 3rd January, 2006, Photo © Oleg Kosterin [septentrionis_septentrionis-2mbv.jpg] 1001x809 (~100Kb) underside male hailand, Chon Buri Province, Pattaya, Ko Khram Island, Saikaew beach, a side of a road through shrubbery along the coast, 3rd January, 2006, Photo © Oleg Kosterin

T. s. dravidarum Fruhstorfer, 1899²
S.India Tirumala septentrionis dravidarum ; [BOR, 205]
T. s. musikanos Fruhstorfer, 1910²
Ceylon Tirumala septentrionis musikanos ; [BOR, 205]
neomelissa musikanos ; Talbot, 1949
T. s. myrsilos Fruhstorfer, 1910²
Java, Bali, Bawean, Lesser Sunda Is. Tirumala septentrionis myrsilos ; [BOR, 205]
T. s. microsticta (Butler, 1874)
N.Borneo Tirumala septentrionis microsticta ; [BOR, 205]
T. s. valentia Fruhstorfer, 1911²
Mindanao Tirumala septentrionis valentia ; [MWB, 199 (note)]
Tirumala hamata (MacLeay, 1826)
S.Asia, E.Asia, Australia. See [About maps] Blue Tiger ?Dark Blue Tiger
Euploea hamata MacLeay, 1826; in King, Narr. Survey Australia 2: 461, TL: Australia
Danais australis Blanchard, 1848(1853?)
?Papilio melissa Stoll, 1781; (homonym. Papilio melissa Fabricius, 1775)
angustata Moore, 1883²
arikata Fruhstorfer, 1910²; [BOR, (Sula Is.)]
goana Martin, 1910²; [BOR, (S.Sulawesi)]
melissima Rothschild, 1915²
mendica Talbot, 1943²
moderata (Butler, 1875)
neomelissa Bryk, 1937²
nephthys Fruhstorfer, 1911²
Danais hamata var. orientalis Semper, [1879]; J. Mus. Godeffroy 5 (2) (heft 14): 139, no. 1 (Philippines,Hong Kong)
pelagia Fruhstorfer, 1911²
sassina Fruhstorfer, 1911²
talautensis Talbot, 1943²; [BOR, (Talaud)]
tibula Fruhstorfer, 1911²
tutuilae Hopkins, 1927²
Tirumala hamata, Lepidoptera Larvae of Australia [Don Herbison-Evans]
 Danaida melissa ; Fruhstorfer, 1910, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9 : 202 (20 May, 1910) (in part)
Danaus melissa ; Forbes, 1939, Ent. Am. (N.S.) 19: 129 (in part)
Danaus hamata ; [BOW: pl. 153, f. 16]
Tirumala hamata ; [BOR, 206]; [MWB: 200, pl. 14, f. 86, pl. 15, f. 87, pl. IX, f. 85, pl. X, f. 123]

Larva on Parsonsia, P. straminea, P. velutina, Heterostemma papuana, Hoya australis, Leichardtia, Marsdenia sp., Secanome carnosum, S. elliptica, Tylophora sp., Cryptostegia grandiflora [MWB]

Larva on Cynanchum carnosum, C. leptolepis, Heterostemma acuminatum, H. papuana, Hoya australis, Marsdenia velutina, Secamone elliptica K. L. & L. E. Dunn, 1991, Review Austr. Butts. (1-4): (120-140)

T. h. hamata
Cape York - Sydney Danaus hamata hamata ; [BAUR, 172]
T. h. paryadres Fruhstorfer, 1910²
Timor - Tanimbar, Aru, Kai Is. singaria Fruhstorfer, 1910²
Danaus hamata paryadres ; [BAUR, 172 (text)]
T. h. nigra Martin, 1910²
Buru, Ambon, Serang, Saparua Danaus hamata nigra ; [BAUR, 172 (text)]
T. h. leucoptera (Butler, 1874)
Waigeu, Gebe, Neomfoor, West Irian Danaus hamata leucoptera ; [BAUR, 172 (text)]
T. h. pallidula Talbot, 1943²
West Irian Danaus hamata pallidula ; [BAUR, 172 (text)]
T. h. subnubila Talbot, 1943²
Papua, Yule I. Danaus hamata subnubila ; [BAUR, 172 (text)]
T. h. coarctica Joicey & Talbot²
Biak ?coarctata Joicey & Talbot, 1922²
Danaus hamata coarctica ; [BAUR, 172 (text)]
T. h. obscurata (Butler, 1874)
New Britain, New Ireland, Duke of York Group, Bougainville - Guadalcanal gariata Fruhstorfer, 1910²
Danaus hamata obscurata ; [BAUR, 172 (text)]
T. h. insignis Talbot, 1943²
Solomons Danaus hamata insignis ; [BAUR, 172 (text)]
T. h. neptunia (C. & R. Felder, 1865)
Fiji Is. hamata neptunia f. protoneptunia Poulton, 1924²
hamata neptunia f. claribella Butler, 1882²
Danaus hamata neptunia ; [BAUR, 172 (text)]
?T. h. melittula (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
Samoa ?Danaus melittula ; [BOW: pl. 153, f. 16 (text only)]
Tirumala ishmoides Moore, 1883
-. See [About maps] Tirumala ishmoides Moore, 1883; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 (2): 232, TL: Sulawesi
linea Morishita, 1981²
vetusta Talbot, 1943²
Danaus ishmoides ; Talbot, 1943, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 93 (1): 137
?Tirumala melissa ishmoides ;
Tirumala ishmoides ; [BOR, 206]; [MWB: 200, pl. 15, f. 88, pl. 60, f. 318A, pl. IX, f. 86]
T. i. ishmoides
Sulawesi, Bangka I. Tirumala ishmoides ishmoides ; [BOR, 206]
T. i. vetus Talbot, 1943²
Philippines (Jolo I.) Tirumala ishmoides vetus ; [BOR, 206]
T. i. strymon Fruhstorfer, 1911²
Philippines (Mindanao) Tirumala ishmoides strymon ; [BOR, 206]
T. i. trasinanus Fruhstorfer, 1911²
Philippines (Cebu) Tirumala ishmoides trasinanus ; [BOR, 206]
T. i. sontius Fruhstorfer²
Philippines (Mindoro) ?sontinus Fruhstorfer, 1911²
Tirumala ishmoides sontius ; [BOR, 206]

 
Tirumala alba Chou & Gu, 1994
Hainan. See [About maps] Tirumala alba Chou & Gu, 1994; in Chou, Monographia Rhopalocerum Sinensium 1-2: 755, 275, TL: Mt. Diaoluoshan (700m)

31.8.2008 (10)

References:
[About maps]
Warning! The maps are automaticly generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; See about maps for more info.
[AfrL]
Mark C. Williams; Checklist of Afrotropical Papilionoidea and Hesperoidea; Compiled by Mark C. Williams, 7th ed. (2008) (April 2007); e-mail: Mark C. Williams
[BAFR]
D'Abrera, 1980; Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region
[BAUR]
D'Abrera, 1977; Butterflies of the Australian Region (2nd edn)
[BHR]
D'Abrera; Butterflies of the Holarctic Region, Part I-III
[BK]
Larsen, Torben B., 1996; The Butterflies of Kenya and their natural history
[BMP]
Eliot (Ed.), Corbet & Pendlebury, 1992; The Butterflies of The Malay Peninsula; 4th edition; ISBN 983-9681-05-2
[BOR]
D'Abrera, B., 1982, 1985, 1986; Butterflies of the Oriental Region, Part I-III
[BOW]
Lewis, H. L., 1974; Butterflies of the World; ISBN 0 245 52097 X
[Don Herbison-Evans]
and Stella A. Crossley; Lepidoptera Larvae of Australia; e-mail: Don Herbison-Evans; e-mail: Don Herbison-Evans
[EBW]
Smart, Paul, 1976; The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Butterfly World; ISBN 0 600 31381 6
[EOB]
Feltwell, J.; The Encyclopedia of Butterflies; Prentice Hall, 1993; ISBN 0-671-86828-4
[LAMAS-2005]
Gerardo Lamas; Entomofauna 26 (6): 57-100; A Bibliography of the Zoological Publications of Hans Fruhstorfer (1886* - 1922+)
[LAMAS-NEO]
Gerardo Lamas; Bibliography of butterflies; An Annocated Bibliography of the Neotropical Butterflies and Skipper (Lepididoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea); Revised Electronic Edition (2007)
[MRS]
Chou Io (Ed.); Monographia Rhopalocerum Sinensium, 1-2
[MWB]
Ackery & Vane-Wright, 1984; Milkweed butterflies, their cladistics and biology; British Museum (Natural History)
[Oleg Kosterin]
Institue of Cytology & Genetics; Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk; e-mail: Oleg Kosterin; http://pisum.bionet.nsc.ru/kosterin/
[Olli Vesikko]
http://koti.welho.com/ovesikko/
[PBSA]
Dickson, C.G.C (ed.), Kroon, D.M.; Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa; AD. DONKER 1978
[Wahlberg]
Niklas Wahlberg; The NSG's voucher specimen database; Nymphalidae Systematics Group
[Yutaka Inayoshi]
A Check List of Butterflies in Indo-China; Chiefly from THAILAND, LAOS & VIETNAM
[²]
This may require parentheses or not. I don't have the necessary information for this taxon.

Some related literature:
Butler, 1866
A Monograph of the diurnal Lepidoptera belonging to the Genus Danais, being a Revision of the Insects of that Genus, with Descriptions of new Species in the National Collection Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1866 (1): 43-59, pl. 4, 3figs
Butler, 1874
Description of six new Species of diurnal Lepidoptera in the Collection of the British Museum Ent. mon. Mag. 11 (7): 163-164
Cramer, [1775]
Uitlandsche Kapellen (Papillons exotiques) Uitl. Kapellen 1 (1-7): 1-132, pl. 1-84 (1775), (8): 133-156, pl. 85-96 (1776)
Doubleday, [1847]
The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera Gen. diurn. Lep. (1): xii + 1-250, pls. 1-30
K. L. & L. E. Dunn, 1991
Review of Australian Butterflies: distribution, life history and taxonomy. Pushlished by authors, Melbourne Review Austr. Butts. (1-4):
Forbes, 1939
Revisional notes on the Danainae Ent. Am. (N.S.) 19: 101-140
Fruhstorfer, 1910
3. Familie: Danaidae in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9 : 191-216 (20 May, 1910), 217-224 (20 June, 1910), 225-240 (15 August, 1910), 241-248 (29 November, 1910), 249-264 (12 November, 1910), 265-272 (17 December, 1910), 273-280 (13 February, 1911), 281-284 (14 February, 1911)
Honrath, 1892
Wenig bekannte Tagfalter: [441-444] Berl. ent. Z. 36 (2): ?,441-444
Howarth, Kawazoé & Sibatani, 1976
A new mimetic species of Danaus (Tirumala) from the Solomon Islands (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) Butterflies and Moths, 27: 131-137
MacLeay, 1826
in King, Narrative of a Surve of the intertropical and western Coasts of Australia. 2 vols. in King, Narr. Survey Australia 2: -
Moore, 1877
Descriptions of Asiatic diurnal Lepidoptera Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 20 (115): 43-52
Moore, [1880]
The Lepidoptera of Ceylon Lepid. Ceylon 1 (1): 1-40, pl. 1-18, (2): 41-80, pl. 19-36, (3): 81-136, pl. 37-54, (4): 137-190, pl. 55-71
Moore, 1883
A Monograph of Limnaina and Euploeina, two Groups of diurnal Lepidoptera belonging to the Subfamily Euploeinae; with Descriptions of new Genera and Species. [1] Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 (2): 201-252
Morishita, 1981
Danaidae in Tsukada, Butterflies of the south-east Asian islands 2: 439-628, pls. 85-163
Semper, [1879]
Beitrag zur Rhopalocerenfauna von Australien J. Mus. Godeffroy 5 (2) (heft 14): 138-194, pls. 8-9
Talbot, 1943
Revisional notes on the genus Danaus Kluk (Lep. Rhop. Danaidae) Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 93 (1): 115-148

If you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to Markku Savela
Keep in mind that the taxononic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. Expert help is welcome.